Research Article
From scriptor to promptor: An evaluation of the status of authorship, authenticity, and creativity in light of the use of artificial intelligence in screenwriting
Abstract
The disruptive potential of generative artificial intelligence in creative fields is clear, but how this will unfold remains uncertain. A key concern is that the problematic distinction between the original and the fake is going to become further blurred. In this study, we draw on a number of philosophical theories on the nature of language to set up a conceptual framework within which one can analyze the status of authorship and originality in the operation of generative AI. We argue that two conceptual orientations, namely deconstruction and genealogy, converge on the claim that authorship should be seen as always already a co-authorship. We use this conceptual framework to interpret the results of a classroom experiment with generative AI in producing screenplay loglines and synopses. Our findings suggest that we must improve students' critical skills to foster responsible self-expression in creative production, thereby unlocking the potential of human – AI interaction.
Keywords
References
- Anguiano, D. (2023, 27th September). Hollywood writers agree to end five-month strike after new studio deal. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/sep/26/hollywood-writers-strike-ends-studio-deal
- Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words (2nd edition). Harvard University.
- Barthes, R. (1978). Image-music-text (1st edition) (Trans. S. Health). Hill & Wang.
- Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A. & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (1st edition) (p. 610-623). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
- Crichton, M. (Director). (1973). Westworld [Movie]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
- Chow, P.-S. (2020). Ghost in the (Hollywood) machine: Emergent applications of artificial intelligence in the film industry. NECSUS, 9(1), 193-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14307
- Cizek, K., Uricchio, W., Anderson, J., Agui Carter, M., Detroit Narrative Agency, Harris, T. A., Holmes, M. K., Lachman, R., Massiah, L., Mertes, C., Rafsky, S., Stephenson, M., Winger-Bearskin, A. & Wolozin, S. (2022). Collective wisdom: Co-creating media for equity and justice (1st edition). MIT. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13394.001.0001
- Çelik, K. (2024). AI vs. human in screenwriting: Is AI the future screenwriter?. Sakarya iletişim, 4(1), 1-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/silet/issue/85388/1483478
- Deleuze, G. (1997). Cinema 2: The time-image (1st edition) (Trans. H. Tomlinson & R. Galeta). University of Minnesota.
- Derrida, J. (1978). Writing and difference (1st edition) (Trans. A. Bass). University Of Chicago.
- Derrida, J. (1988). Limited Inc (1st edition) (Trans. S. Weber, J. Mehlman & A. Bass). Northwestern University.
- Derrida, J. (1998). Of grammatology (Corrected edition) (Trans. G. C. Spivak). Johns Hopkins University.
- Epstein, J. (2014). The Intelligence of a machine (1st edition) (Trans. C. Wall-Romana). Univocal.
- Floridi, L. (2023). AI as agency without intelligence: On ChatGPT, large language models, and other generative models. Philosophy & technology, 36(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00621-y
- Foucault, M. (1980). Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected essays and interviews (2nd edition) (Trans. D. F. Bouchard & S. Simon). Cornell University.
- Foucault, M. (1982). The archaeology of knowledge & the discourse on language (1st edition) (Trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith). Vintage.
- Foucault, M. (1998). Aesthetics, method, and epistemology (1st edition) (Trans. J. D. Faubion). New.
- Glynn, P. (2023, 18th April). Sony World Photography Award 2023: Winner refuses award after revealing AI creation. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65296763
- Gordijn, B. & Have, H. T. (2023). ChatGPT: Evolution or revolution?. Medicine, health care and philosophy, 26(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10136-0
- Ilıcak, N. G. & Çinko, K. (2021). Yapay zekânın yarattığı masal: Prenses ile tilki. TEKE, 10(2), 703-719. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/teke/issue/62851/953805
- Kasirzadeh, A. & Gabriel, I. (2023). In conversation with artificial intelligence: Aligning language models with human values. Philosophy & technology, 36(2), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.00731
- Landymore F. (2024, 19th January). Novelist wins award, then reveals she used ChatGPT. Futurism. https://futurism.com/the-byte/novelist-wins-award-then-reveals-she-used-chatgpt
- Mahowald, K., Ivanova, A. A., Blank, I. A., Kanwisher, N., Tenenbaum, J. B. & Fedorenko, E. (2024). Dissociating language and thought in large language models. Trends in cognitive sciences, 28(6), 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.011
- Milmo, D. (2024, 8th January). ‘Impossible’ to create AI tools like ChatGPT without copyrighted material, OpenAI says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/jan/08/ai-tools-chatgpt-copyrighted-material-openai
- Nolan, C. (Director). (2014). Interstellar [Movie]. Paramount & Warner Bros.
- openai.com. (2024, 13rd February). Memory and new controls for ChatGPT. https://openai.com/blog/memory-and-new-controls-for-chatgpt
- Rehn, A. & de Cock, C. (2008). Deconstructing creativity. T. Rickards, M. A. Runco & S. Moger (Ed.), The Routledge companion to creativity (1st edition) (p. 222-231). Routledge.
- Reeh-Peters, C. (2023). Film as artificial intelligence: Jean Epstein, film-thinking and the speculative-materialist turn in contemporary philosophy. Film-philosophy, 27(2), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.3366/film.2023.0224
- Searle, J. R. (1970). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language (1st edition). Cambridge University.
- Scott, R. (Director). (1982). Blade Runner [Movie]. Warner Bros.
- Stiegler, B. (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The fault of epimetheus (1st edition) (Trans. G. Collins & R. Beardsworth). Stanford University.
- Stokel-Walker, C. (2022, 9th December). AI bot ChatGPT writes smart essays—Should professors worry? Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-04397-7
- Stokel-Walker, C. (2023, 18th January). ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: Many scientists disapprove. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z
- Terry, O. K. (2023, 12nd May). I’m a student. You have no idea how much We’re Using ChatGPT. The chronicle of higher education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/im-a-student-you-have-no-idea-how-much-were-using-chatgpt
- Hadero, H. & Bauder, D. (2023, 27th December). The New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft for using its stories to train chatbots. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-york-times-openailawsuit_n_658c76a2e4b03057f5cc417b?utm_source=pocket_saves
- Wachowski, L. & L. Wachowski (Directors). (1999). The Matrix [Movie]. Warner Bros. & Village Roadshow.
- Wei, J., Tay Y., Bommasani, R., Raffel, C., Zoph, B., Borgeaud, S., Yogatama, D., Bosma, M., Zhou, D., Metzler, D., Chi, E. H., Hashimoto, T., Vinyals, O., Liang, P., Dean, J. & Fedus, W. (2022). Emergent abilities of large language models. Transactions on machine learning research. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2206.07682
- Weidinger, L., Mellor, J., Rauh, M., Griffin, C., Uesato, J., Huang, P. S., Cheng, M., Glaese, M., Balle, B., Kasirzadeh, A., Kenton, Z., Brown, S., Hawkins, W., Stepleton, T., Biles, C., Birhane, A., Haas, J., Rimell, L., Hendricks, L. A., Isaac, W., Legassick, S., Irving, G. & Gabriel, I. (2021). Ethical and social risks of harm from language models. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.04359
- Weidinger, L., Uesato, J., Rauh M., Griffin, C., Huang, P. S., Mellor, J. F. J., Glaese, A., Cheng, M., Balle, B., Kasirzadeh, A., Biles, C., Brown, S., Kenton, Z., Hawkins, W., Stepleton, T., Birhane, A., Hendricks, L. A., Rimell, L., Isaac, W. S., Haas, J., Legassick, S., Irving, G. & Iason Gabriel, I. (2022). Taxonomy of risks posed by language models. FAccT ‘22: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (1st edition) (p. 214-229). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533088
- wgacontract2023.org. (____a). WGA negotiations-status as of May 1, 2023. https://www.wgacontract2023.org/uploadedfiles/members/member_info/contract-2023/wga_proposals.pdf
- wgacontract2023.org. (____b). Summary of the 2023 WGA MBA. https://www.wgacontract2023.org/the-campaign/summary-of-the-2023-wga-mba
- Wikipedia. (____). 2023 Writers Guild of America strike. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike
Kâtip yazardan komut veren yazara: Senaryo yazımında yapay zekâ kullanımı ışığında yazarlık, otantiklik ve yaratıcılığın durum değerlendirmesi
Abstract
Üretken yapay zekânın yaratıcı alanlara girişinin yol açacağı potansiyel zorluklar açık olsa da bunların kesin olarak nasıl ve hangi şekillerde vücut bulacağı henüz net değildir. Bu hususta önemli bir endişe, orijinal ve sahte arasındaki çizginin daha belirsiz hale geleceğidir. Bu çalışmada, dilin doğasına ilişkin bir dizi felsefi kuramdan yararlanarak, üretici yapay zekâ söz konusu olduğunda yazarlık ve özgünlük durumunun analiz edilebileceği kavramsal bir çerçeve oluşturuyoruz. İki kavramsal yönelimin, yani yapısöküm ve kökbilimin, yazarlığın her zaman bir ortak yazarlık olarak görülmesi gerektiği iddiasında birleştiğini savunuyoruz. Daha sonra bu kavramsal çerçeveye, senaryo çekici (logline) ve sinopsislerinin yapay zekâ desteğiyle üretildiği bir sınıf deneyinin sonuçlarını yorumlamak için başvuruyoruz. Araştırmamızın bulguları, yaratıcı üretimde kendilerini sorumlu biçimde ifade etmeleri için öğrencilerin eleştirel becerilerini geliştirmemiz gerektiğini göstermektedir. İnsan – yapay zekâ etkileşiminin potansiyelini ancak bu şekilde ortaya çıkarabiliriz.
References
- Anguiano, D. (2023, 27th September). Hollywood writers agree to end five-month strike after new studio deal. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/sep/26/hollywood-writers-strike-ends-studio-deal
- Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words (2nd edition). Harvard University.
- Barthes, R. (1978). Image-music-text (1st edition) (Trans. S. Health). Hill & Wang.
- Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A. & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (1st edition) (p. 610-623). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
- Crichton, M. (Director). (1973). Westworld [Movie]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
- Chow, P.-S. (2020). Ghost in the (Hollywood) machine: Emergent applications of artificial intelligence in the film industry. NECSUS, 9(1), 193-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14307
- Cizek, K., Uricchio, W., Anderson, J., Agui Carter, M., Detroit Narrative Agency, Harris, T. A., Holmes, M. K., Lachman, R., Massiah, L., Mertes, C., Rafsky, S., Stephenson, M., Winger-Bearskin, A. & Wolozin, S. (2022). Collective wisdom: Co-creating media for equity and justice (1st edition). MIT. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13394.001.0001
- Çelik, K. (2024). AI vs. human in screenwriting: Is AI the future screenwriter?. Sakarya iletişim, 4(1), 1-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/silet/issue/85388/1483478
- Deleuze, G. (1997). Cinema 2: The time-image (1st edition) (Trans. H. Tomlinson & R. Galeta). University of Minnesota.
- Derrida, J. (1978). Writing and difference (1st edition) (Trans. A. Bass). University Of Chicago.
- Derrida, J. (1988). Limited Inc (1st edition) (Trans. S. Weber, J. Mehlman & A. Bass). Northwestern University.
- Derrida, J. (1998). Of grammatology (Corrected edition) (Trans. G. C. Spivak). Johns Hopkins University.
- Epstein, J. (2014). The Intelligence of a machine (1st edition) (Trans. C. Wall-Romana). Univocal.
- Floridi, L. (2023). AI as agency without intelligence: On ChatGPT, large language models, and other generative models. Philosophy & technology, 36(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00621-y
- Foucault, M. (1980). Language, counter-memory, practice: Selected essays and interviews (2nd edition) (Trans. D. F. Bouchard & S. Simon). Cornell University.
- Foucault, M. (1982). The archaeology of knowledge & the discourse on language (1st edition) (Trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith). Vintage.
- Foucault, M. (1998). Aesthetics, method, and epistemology (1st edition) (Trans. J. D. Faubion). New.
- Glynn, P. (2023, 18th April). Sony World Photography Award 2023: Winner refuses award after revealing AI creation. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65296763
- Gordijn, B. & Have, H. T. (2023). ChatGPT: Evolution or revolution?. Medicine, health care and philosophy, 26(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10136-0
- Ilıcak, N. G. & Çinko, K. (2021). Yapay zekânın yarattığı masal: Prenses ile tilki. TEKE, 10(2), 703-719. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/teke/issue/62851/953805
- Kasirzadeh, A. & Gabriel, I. (2023). In conversation with artificial intelligence: Aligning language models with human values. Philosophy & technology, 36(2), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.00731
- Landymore F. (2024, 19th January). Novelist wins award, then reveals she used ChatGPT. Futurism. https://futurism.com/the-byte/novelist-wins-award-then-reveals-she-used-chatgpt
- Mahowald, K., Ivanova, A. A., Blank, I. A., Kanwisher, N., Tenenbaum, J. B. & Fedorenko, E. (2024). Dissociating language and thought in large language models. Trends in cognitive sciences, 28(6), 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.011
- Milmo, D. (2024, 8th January). ‘Impossible’ to create AI tools like ChatGPT without copyrighted material, OpenAI says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/jan/08/ai-tools-chatgpt-copyrighted-material-openai
- Nolan, C. (Director). (2014). Interstellar [Movie]. Paramount & Warner Bros.
- openai.com. (2024, 13rd February). Memory and new controls for ChatGPT. https://openai.com/blog/memory-and-new-controls-for-chatgpt
- Rehn, A. & de Cock, C. (2008). Deconstructing creativity. T. Rickards, M. A. Runco & S. Moger (Ed.), The Routledge companion to creativity (1st edition) (p. 222-231). Routledge.
- Reeh-Peters, C. (2023). Film as artificial intelligence: Jean Epstein, film-thinking and the speculative-materialist turn in contemporary philosophy. Film-philosophy, 27(2), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.3366/film.2023.0224
- Searle, J. R. (1970). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language (1st edition). Cambridge University.
- Scott, R. (Director). (1982). Blade Runner [Movie]. Warner Bros.
- Stiegler, B. (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The fault of epimetheus (1st edition) (Trans. G. Collins & R. Beardsworth). Stanford University.
- Stokel-Walker, C. (2022, 9th December). AI bot ChatGPT writes smart essays—Should professors worry? Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-04397-7
- Stokel-Walker, C. (2023, 18th January). ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: Many scientists disapprove. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z
- Terry, O. K. (2023, 12nd May). I’m a student. You have no idea how much We’re Using ChatGPT. The chronicle of higher education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/im-a-student-you-have-no-idea-how-much-were-using-chatgpt
- Hadero, H. & Bauder, D. (2023, 27th December). The New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft for using its stories to train chatbots. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-york-times-openailawsuit_n_658c76a2e4b03057f5cc417b?utm_source=pocket_saves
- Wachowski, L. & L. Wachowski (Directors). (1999). The Matrix [Movie]. Warner Bros. & Village Roadshow.
- Wei, J., Tay Y., Bommasani, R., Raffel, C., Zoph, B., Borgeaud, S., Yogatama, D., Bosma, M., Zhou, D., Metzler, D., Chi, E. H., Hashimoto, T., Vinyals, O., Liang, P., Dean, J. & Fedus, W. (2022). Emergent abilities of large language models. Transactions on machine learning research. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2206.07682
- Weidinger, L., Mellor, J., Rauh, M., Griffin, C., Uesato, J., Huang, P. S., Cheng, M., Glaese, M., Balle, B., Kasirzadeh, A., Kenton, Z., Brown, S., Hawkins, W., Stepleton, T., Biles, C., Birhane, A., Haas, J., Rimell, L., Hendricks, L. A., Isaac, W., Legassick, S., Irving, G. & Gabriel, I. (2021). Ethical and social risks of harm from language models. ArXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.04359
- Weidinger, L., Uesato, J., Rauh M., Griffin, C., Huang, P. S., Mellor, J. F. J., Glaese, A., Cheng, M., Balle, B., Kasirzadeh, A., Biles, C., Brown, S., Kenton, Z., Hawkins, W., Stepleton, T., Birhane, A., Hendricks, L. A., Rimell, L., Isaac, W. S., Haas, J., Legassick, S., Irving, G. & Iason Gabriel, I. (2022). Taxonomy of risks posed by language models. FAccT ‘22: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (1st edition) (p. 214-229). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533088
- wgacontract2023.org. (____a). WGA negotiations-status as of May 1, 2023. https://www.wgacontract2023.org/uploadedfiles/members/member_info/contract-2023/wga_proposals.pdf
- wgacontract2023.org. (____b). Summary of the 2023 WGA MBA. https://www.wgacontract2023.org/the-campaign/summary-of-the-2023-wga-mba
- Wikipedia. (____). 2023 Writers Guild of America strike. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike
There are 42 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Art History, Theory and Criticism (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | September 2, 2024 |
| Publication Date | September 28, 2024 |
| Submission Date | May 12, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | August 2, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024Issue: 12 |
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