Öz
It can be seen that, especially pearls and corals, among the precious stones that the nature present to humans as gifts, are frequently depicted in the European painting. These stones which are attractive with their beauty and luminosity, are adorning the canvases for various reasons. The aim of this study is to look at the history of European painting through the elegant world of jewelry and gemstones. It is interesting to see that pearls and corals have rich mythological and biblical connotations as well as being symbols of status and power. The time scope of the research is between 15th and 17. centuries because of the intensity of the pictures showing pearls and corals in the art historical periods of Renaissance and Baroque. Pearls are among the symbols of the love and beauty godddess Venus. It is possible to see pearls in the pictures that show the birth of Venüs in an oyster or Venus in front of a mirror. Egyptian queen Cleopatra, dropped a bead of pearl in her glass, in the banquet that she organized for Antonius. Painters who depicted the queens and royal ladies of Europe, showed them in rich jewellery decorated with pearls. In some works of art, pearls are interpreted as the sign of wordly pleasures and ambitions. Corals, believed to be protecting against the evil eye, can be seen in the paintings of young women and little children. Corals, with its strong color of red, are depicted in the compositions of Virgin Mary and Christ Child. In the Greek mythology, it is believed that Perseus created corals. Some artists, presented scenes of pearl or coral fishing on their canvases.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Becker, U. (2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Cirlot, J. E. (2002). A Dictionary of Symbols. Mineola: Dover Publications.
- Clarke, M. (2010). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ferguson, G. (1989). Signs & Symbols in Christian Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Giorgi, R. (2003). Saints in Art. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
- Hall, J. (1974). Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. Ne York: Harper & Row Publishers.
- Impelluso, L. (2004). Nature and Its Symbols. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. Janson, H. W. and Janson, A. (2001). History of Art. New York: Harry
- N. Abrams. McConnell, S. (1991). Metropolitan Jewelry. Boston: Bullfinch Press Book / Little, Brown and Company.
- Kunz, G. F. and Hugh, C. (2001). The Book of the Pearl: Its History, Art, Science and History. Mineola: Dover Publications.
- Salisbury, J. E. (2001). Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World. California: Abc Clio.
- Schneider, N. (2004). Vermeer 1632-1675: Veiled Emotions. Köln: Taschen.
- Stukenbrock, C. and Töpper, B. (2005). 1000 Masterpieces of European Painting From 1300 to 1850. Cologne: Könemann.
- Tresidder, J. (2012). The Watkins Dictionary of Symbols. London: Watkins Publishing.
- Tyldesley, J. (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. London: Profile Books. Zirpolo, L. H. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Victoria and Albert Museum, London (10 October 2019) https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/a-history-of-jewellery
- Museo del Prado, Madrid (11 October 2019) https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-virgin-and- child-with-the-infant-saint-john/bc5c6159-6aea-484e-9fb6-778907c9be0a
- Web Gallery of Art (5 November 2019) https://www.wga.hu/html_m/a/allori/ alessand/studiolo.html
- https://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/z/zucchi/jacopo/index.html
- National Gallery, London (15 November 2019) https://www.nationalgallery. org.uk/paintings/francisco-de-zurbaran-saint-margaret-of-antioch
- https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/pierre-mignard-the-marquise- de-seignelay-and-two-of-her-sons
- Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (1 December 2019) https://www. arthermitage.org/Jacob-Jordaens/Cleopatra-s-Feast.html
- Woburn Abbey (3 December 2019) https://www.woburnabbey.co.uk/ abbey/art-and-the-collection/the-armada-portrait/
- National Gallery of Art, Washington (9 November 2019) https://www.nga. gov/collection/art-object-page.1236.html
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (9 November 2019) https://www. metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/459052
Öz
Avrupa resminde, doğanın insana armağan ettiği değerli taşlar arasında, özellikle inci ve mercanın, sıklıkla betimlendiği görülebilir. Güzellikleri ve ışıklarıyla ile dikkat çeken bu taşlar, çeşitli sebeplerle tuvalleri süslemektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı Avrupa resim tarihine, mücevher ve değerli taşların zarif dünyasından bakmaktır. İnci ve mercanın zengin mitolojik ve dinsel çağrışımlar sunmaları ve aynı zamanda statü ve güç sembolleri olduklarını izlemek ilginçtir. Araştırmanın zamansal kapsamı, inci ve mercanları gösteren resimlerin, sanat tarihsel devreler bağlamında Rönesans ve Barok dönemlerinde yoğun olması nedeniyle, 15. ve 17. yüzyıllar arasındadır. İnci, aşk ve güzellik tanrıçası Venüs’ün simgelerinden biridir. Venüs’ün bir istiridye kabuğu içinde doğuşunu anlatan ya da onu aynanın karşısında betimleyen resimlerde, incilere rastlamak mümkündür. Mısır Kraliçesi Kleopatra’nın Antonius için verdiği ziyafette, kadehine bir inci tanesi attığı anlatılır. Avrupa’nın kraliçelerinin vesoylukadınlarınınportreleriniyapanressamlar,onlarıincilerlebezenmiş zengin takılarla göstermişlerdir. İnci, kimi eserlerde, dünyevi zevklerin ve hırsların sembolü olarak değerlendirilir. Kötü gözlere karşı koruduğuna inanılan mercan ise, genç kadın ve küçük çocuk resimlerinde karşımıza çıkar. Hz. Meryem ve Çocuk İsa kompozisyonlarında da mercan, güçlü kırmızı rengiyle dikkat çekmektedir. Yunan mitolojisinde Perseus’un mercanı yarattığına inanılır. Kimi ressamlar, denizden inci ya da mercan çıkarma sahnelerini tuvallerine taşımışlardır.
Kaynakça
- Becker, U. (2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Cirlot, J. E. (2002). A Dictionary of Symbols. Mineola: Dover Publications.
- Clarke, M. (2010). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ferguson, G. (1989). Signs & Symbols in Christian Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Giorgi, R. (2003). Saints in Art. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
- Hall, J. (1974). Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. Ne York: Harper & Row Publishers.
- Impelluso, L. (2004). Nature and Its Symbols. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. Janson, H. W. and Janson, A. (2001). History of Art. New York: Harry
- N. Abrams. McConnell, S. (1991). Metropolitan Jewelry. Boston: Bullfinch Press Book / Little, Brown and Company.
- Kunz, G. F. and Hugh, C. (2001). The Book of the Pearl: Its History, Art, Science and History. Mineola: Dover Publications.
- Salisbury, J. E. (2001). Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World. California: Abc Clio.
- Schneider, N. (2004). Vermeer 1632-1675: Veiled Emotions. Köln: Taschen.
- Stukenbrock, C. and Töpper, B. (2005). 1000 Masterpieces of European Painting From 1300 to 1850. Cologne: Könemann.
- Tresidder, J. (2012). The Watkins Dictionary of Symbols. London: Watkins Publishing.
- Tyldesley, J. (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. London: Profile Books. Zirpolo, L. H. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Victoria and Albert Museum, London (10 October 2019) https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/a-history-of-jewellery
- Museo del Prado, Madrid (11 October 2019) https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-virgin-and- child-with-the-infant-saint-john/bc5c6159-6aea-484e-9fb6-778907c9be0a
- Web Gallery of Art (5 November 2019) https://www.wga.hu/html_m/a/allori/ alessand/studiolo.html
- https://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/z/zucchi/jacopo/index.html
- National Gallery, London (15 November 2019) https://www.nationalgallery. org.uk/paintings/francisco-de-zurbaran-saint-margaret-of-antioch
- https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/pierre-mignard-the-marquise- de-seignelay-and-two-of-her-sons
- Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (1 December 2019) https://www. arthermitage.org/Jacob-Jordaens/Cleopatra-s-Feast.html
- Woburn Abbey (3 December 2019) https://www.woburnabbey.co.uk/ abbey/art-and-the-collection/the-armada-portrait/
- National Gallery of Art, Washington (9 November 2019) https://www.nga. gov/collection/art-object-page.1236.html
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (9 November 2019) https://www. metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/459052
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makale |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 |
Cited By
Pearl Fisheries in South Asia: Archaeological Evidence from Pre-Colonial and Colonial Shell Middens around the Gulf of Mannar in Sri Lanka
International Journal of Historical Archaeology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-024-00739-5
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