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Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Development of the Disarmament Process

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 466 - 492, 27.12.2023

Öz

The article aims to provide a holistic assessment of nuclear proliferation and disarmament process from a broad perspective. In this study, the spreading of nuclear weapons, rising in parallel with that process, nuclear disarmament course, possible reasons of states to possess weapons are discussed. Article is important in terms of analyzing armament, disarmament processes together. Processes of nuclear armament, disarmament are examined by scanning archival documents, SIPRI reports and official statements. The study finds that nuclear armament, which accelerated after 1960, decreased with disarmament treaties, that after end of the Cold War period, states drastically reduced their nuclear weapons stockpiles.

Kaynakça

  • ABAZLIOĞLU, U. (2019). Nükleer Silahsızlanmanın Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Nükleer Silahsızlanmayla İlgili Uluslararası Anlaşmaların Önemi. (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) İstanbul: Atılım Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Academic Accelerator Encyclopedia. (2023). American Machine And Foundry Encyclopedia, Science News & Research Reviews. https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/american-machine-and-foundry
  • ALBRIGHT, D., ve HIBBS, M. (1993). South Africa: The ANC and the atom bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 49(3), 32-37.
  • Arms Control Association. (2021). Chronology of Libya's Disarmament and Relations with the United States. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/LibyaChronology
  • Arms Control Association. (2023). Confronting Ambiguity: How to Handle North Korea's Nuclear Program. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003-03/features/confronting-ambiguity-handle-north-koreas-nuclear-program
  • Atomic Archive. (2020). Britain Goes Nuclear. https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-10.html
  • Atomic Archive. (2020). Chinese Becomes A Nuclear Nation, https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-12.html
  • Atomic Archive. (2020). The Peaceful Explosion. https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-17.html
  • Atomic Archive. (2022). France Joins the Club. https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-11.html
  • Atomic Heritage Foundation. (2023). Acheson-Lilienthal Report https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/acheson-lilienthal-report/
  • BARBIER, M. K. (2008) Mortal Crimes: The Greatest Theft in History—The Soviet Penetration of the Manhattan Project. Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 10, no. 1.
  • BASRUR, R. M. (2013). Policy Brief: India and China: Nuclear Rivalry in the Making?. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). (2023). https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/
  • BUNDY, M. vd. (1993) “Reducing Nuclear Danger”, Foreign Affairs, 72(2), 140-156.
  • BURR, W. ve COHEN, A. (2013). Israel’s Quest for Yellowcake: The Secret Argentine-Israeli Connection, 1963-1966. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
  • Center for Nonproliferation Studies. (2010). The New, 2010 Russian Military Doctrine: The Nuclear Angle, https://nonproliferation.org/new-2010-russian-military-doctrine/
  • Cezayir: Fransa'nın 1960'larda yaptığı nükleer denemelerin korkunç etkileri devam ediyor. (2021). Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cezayir-fransanin-1960larda-yaptigi-nukleer-denemelerin-korkunc-etkileri-devam-ediyor/2143736
  • CHOSSUDOVSKY, E. M. (1990). The Origins of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Ireland's Initiative in the United Nations (1958-61). Irish Studies in International Affairs, 3(2), 111-135.
  • EISENHOWER, S. (2003). Atoms for peace plus fifty. IAEA BULLETIN, 45(2), 5-6. Eurasian Research Institue E-bulletin, Akhmet Yassawi University, Kazakistan 2021.
  • Federation of American Scientists. (2016). Pakistan Nuclear Weapons - A Chronology. https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm
  • FEHNER, T. R. ve GOSLING F. G. (2012) The Manhattan Project. US Department of Energy.
  • France's 1960s nuclear tests in Algeria still poison ties. (2021). France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210729-france-s-1960s-nuclear-tests-in-algeria-still-poison-ties
  • Fransız nükleer denemeleri '110 bin kişiyi etkiledi’. (2021). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56336951
  • Government of Ireland. (1958). Written Statement of the Government of lreland. https://icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/93/8750.pdf
  • HECHT, G. (2009) The Radiance of France, new edition: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II. MIT press.
  • HERKEN, G. (2022) A. Einstein-Szilard Letter to President Roosevelt (proposal to build an atomic bomb), August 2, 1939. In: Cardinal Choices. Stanford University Press.
  • IQBAL, K (2016). Pakistan's Nuclear Program: The Context. Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies, 13(1), 25-52.
  • JHA, P. S. (1998). Why India Went Nuclear. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 80-96.
  • KEARN JR ve David W. (2010). The Baruch Plan and the quest for atomic disarmament. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21.1: 41-67.
  • KHANIJO, R. (2014). Complexities and challenges of nuclear India. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
  • KRISTENSEN, H. M., ve KORDA, M. (2021). SIPRI Yearbook 2021, Chapter 10, World Nuclear Forces.
  • LIBERMAN, P. (2001). The rise and fall of the South African bomb. International Security, 26(2), 45-86.
  • MINOR, M. S. (1976) China's Nuclear Development Program. Asian survey, 16.6: 571-579.
  • MOHAN, C. R. (1998). India and Nuclear Weapons. Politik und Gesellschaft Online, 4. 377-383
  • NATO 2022 Strategic Concept. (2022). https://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/ New Start Treaty, United States of America-Russian Federation, 8 Nisan, 2010, https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/new_start_treaty.pdf
  • Nuclear Threat Initiative. (2015). South Africa Nuclear Overview. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/south-africa-nuclear/
  • NORRIS, R. S. ve KRISTENSEN, H. M. (2006). Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62(4), 64-66.
  • ÖZGÜR, S. (2006) Geleceğe Yönelen Tehdit Kitle İmha Silahları. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • PRADHAN, P. (1987). Nuclear Pakistan: India's Response. India Quarterly, 43(1), 1-14.
  • PURKITT, H. vd. (2002). South Africa’s Nuclear Decisions. International Security, 27(1), 186–194.
  • RAUF, T. (2017). Engagement On Nuclear Disarmament Between Nuclear Weapon-Possessing States and Non-Nuclear Weapon States, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Sweden.
  • RAYMER, B. (2012) The Problem with Nuclear Diplomacy: Jimmy Carter and Pakistan's Nuclear Program. Liberty University.
  • SAGAN, S. D. (1996). Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?: Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security, 21(3), 54–86.
  • SAHIMI, M. (2013) Atoms for Peace. The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, 10.
  • SCHWARZ, M. I. (1996). The Russian-A (merican) Bomb: The Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project. Journal of Undergraduate Studies, 3, 103-108.
  • SCHRECKER, E. (2010). Soviet espionage in America: an oft-told tale. Reviews in American History, 38(2), 355-361.
  • SHEN, Z. ve XIA, Y. (2012) Between aid and restriction: the Soviet Union's changing policies on China's nuclear weapons program, 1954-1960. Asian Perspective, 36.1: 95-122.
  • Statement of DPRK Government on its withdrawal from NPT. (2003). KCNA. https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1452003631-225477096/statement-of-dprk-government-on-its-withdrawal-from-npt/
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2005). SIPRI Yearbook 2005: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. SIPRI Yearbook.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2017) Yearbook, SIPRI. Yearbook 2017, Military Expenditure Database. 2020.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2022). SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2023). SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press.
  • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I, United States of America-Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, 31 Temmuz, 1991, https://media.nti.org/documents/start_1_treaty.pdf
  • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II, United States of America-The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, 3 Ocak, 1993, https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/start_2_treaty.pdf
  • STREEPER, C. (2009 ) Atoms for Peace and the Nonproliferation Treaty: An Unintended Consequence, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, Fall 2009, 49-58.
  • SZAZS, F. M. (1992). British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: The Los Alamos Years. Springer. The Fog of War by Robert Mcnamara (Belgesel), Apple TV, Apple, 2004, https://tv.apple.com/tr/movie/the-fog-of-war/umc.cmc.3j815y9s5id2nvfztrlfh75il
  • The National Interest. (2012). JFK's Overshadowed Crisis. https://nationalinterest.org/article/jfks-overshadowed-crisis-7073?nopaging=1
  • Treaty On The Non-proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 1 Temmuz 1968, https://treaties.unoda.org/t/npt
  • Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Kurumu. (2021). Atoms for Peace Speech, Eisonhower. https://www.iaea.org/about/history/atoms-for-peace-speech
  • U.S. Department of Energy (2010). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb, Washington.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2022). Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, https://www.state.gov/peaceful-uses-of-nuclear-technology-a-powerful-tool-for-a-better-world/
  • U.S. Department of State. (2022). EINSTEIN'S LETTER TO ROOSEVELT. https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Resources/einstein_letter_photograph.htm#1
  • U.S. Department of State. (2023). The Acheson-Lilienthal & Baruch Plans, 1946. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/baruch-plans
  • U.S. Government Publishing Office. (2005). The North Korean Nuclear Challenge: Is There a Way Forward? : Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and the Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, February 17, 2005.
  • Reaching Critical Will. (2015). US-India Nuclear Deal. https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/resources/fact-sheets/critical-issues/5451-us-india-nuclear-deal
  • YANQIONG, L. ve JIFENG, L. (2009) Analysis of Soviet technology transfer in the development of China's nuclear weapons. Comparative Technology Transfer and Society, 7.1: 66-110.
  • Yearbook, S. I. P. R. I. (2021). Hans M. Kristensen, Matt Korda. Annual Report: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security, 2021-06.

NÜKLEER SİLAHLARIN YAYILMASI VE SİLAHSIZLANMA SÜRECİNİN GELİŞMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 466 - 492, 27.12.2023

Öz

Makale nükleer silahlanma ve silahsızlanma sürecine geniş bir perspektiften bakarak bütünleşik olarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, nükleer silahların yayılması süreci, bu sürece paralel yükselen nükleer silahsızlanma süreci ve devletlerin, bu silahlara neden sahip olmak isteyebileceği konuları tartışılmıştır. Silahlanma ve silahsızlanma sürecinin birlikte değerlendirilerek incelenmesi açısından makale önem arz etmektedir. Nükleer silahlanma ve silahsızlanma süreci, arşiv belgeleri taranarak ve SIPRI raporları ve resmî açıklamalar merkez alınarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, 1960 yılından sonra hız kazanan nükleer silahlanmanın, çeşitli silahsızlanma antlaşmalarıyla hız kestiği ve özellikle Soğuk Savaş dönemi sona erdikten sonra devletlerin elinde bulundurduğu nükleer silah stoğunu ciddi ölçüde azalttığı bulguları edinilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Sayın editör hocama teşekkür eder, saygılarımı sunarım.

Kaynakça

  • ABAZLIOĞLU, U. (2019). Nükleer Silahsızlanmanın Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Nükleer Silahsızlanmayla İlgili Uluslararası Anlaşmaların Önemi. (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) İstanbul: Atılım Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Academic Accelerator Encyclopedia. (2023). American Machine And Foundry Encyclopedia, Science News & Research Reviews. https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/american-machine-and-foundry
  • ALBRIGHT, D., ve HIBBS, M. (1993). South Africa: The ANC and the atom bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 49(3), 32-37.
  • Arms Control Association. (2021). Chronology of Libya's Disarmament and Relations with the United States. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/LibyaChronology
  • Arms Control Association. (2023). Confronting Ambiguity: How to Handle North Korea's Nuclear Program. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003-03/features/confronting-ambiguity-handle-north-koreas-nuclear-program
  • Atomic Archive. (2020). Britain Goes Nuclear. https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-10.html
  • Atomic Archive. (2020). Chinese Becomes A Nuclear Nation, https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-12.html
  • Atomic Archive. (2020). The Peaceful Explosion. https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-17.html
  • Atomic Archive. (2022). France Joins the Club. https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-11.html
  • Atomic Heritage Foundation. (2023). Acheson-Lilienthal Report https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/acheson-lilienthal-report/
  • BARBIER, M. K. (2008) Mortal Crimes: The Greatest Theft in History—The Soviet Penetration of the Manhattan Project. Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 10, no. 1.
  • BASRUR, R. M. (2013). Policy Brief: India and China: Nuclear Rivalry in the Making?. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). (2023). https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/
  • BUNDY, M. vd. (1993) “Reducing Nuclear Danger”, Foreign Affairs, 72(2), 140-156.
  • BURR, W. ve COHEN, A. (2013). Israel’s Quest for Yellowcake: The Secret Argentine-Israeli Connection, 1963-1966. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
  • Center for Nonproliferation Studies. (2010). The New, 2010 Russian Military Doctrine: The Nuclear Angle, https://nonproliferation.org/new-2010-russian-military-doctrine/
  • Cezayir: Fransa'nın 1960'larda yaptığı nükleer denemelerin korkunç etkileri devam ediyor. (2021). Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cezayir-fransanin-1960larda-yaptigi-nukleer-denemelerin-korkunc-etkileri-devam-ediyor/2143736
  • CHOSSUDOVSKY, E. M. (1990). The Origins of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Ireland's Initiative in the United Nations (1958-61). Irish Studies in International Affairs, 3(2), 111-135.
  • EISENHOWER, S. (2003). Atoms for peace plus fifty. IAEA BULLETIN, 45(2), 5-6. Eurasian Research Institue E-bulletin, Akhmet Yassawi University, Kazakistan 2021.
  • Federation of American Scientists. (2016). Pakistan Nuclear Weapons - A Chronology. https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm
  • FEHNER, T. R. ve GOSLING F. G. (2012) The Manhattan Project. US Department of Energy.
  • France's 1960s nuclear tests in Algeria still poison ties. (2021). France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210729-france-s-1960s-nuclear-tests-in-algeria-still-poison-ties
  • Fransız nükleer denemeleri '110 bin kişiyi etkiledi’. (2021). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56336951
  • Government of Ireland. (1958). Written Statement of the Government of lreland. https://icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/93/8750.pdf
  • HECHT, G. (2009) The Radiance of France, new edition: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II. MIT press.
  • HERKEN, G. (2022) A. Einstein-Szilard Letter to President Roosevelt (proposal to build an atomic bomb), August 2, 1939. In: Cardinal Choices. Stanford University Press.
  • IQBAL, K (2016). Pakistan's Nuclear Program: The Context. Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies, 13(1), 25-52.
  • JHA, P. S. (1998). Why India Went Nuclear. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 80-96.
  • KEARN JR ve David W. (2010). The Baruch Plan and the quest for atomic disarmament. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21.1: 41-67.
  • KHANIJO, R. (2014). Complexities and challenges of nuclear India. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
  • KRISTENSEN, H. M., ve KORDA, M. (2021). SIPRI Yearbook 2021, Chapter 10, World Nuclear Forces.
  • LIBERMAN, P. (2001). The rise and fall of the South African bomb. International Security, 26(2), 45-86.
  • MINOR, M. S. (1976) China's Nuclear Development Program. Asian survey, 16.6: 571-579.
  • MOHAN, C. R. (1998). India and Nuclear Weapons. Politik und Gesellschaft Online, 4. 377-383
  • NATO 2022 Strategic Concept. (2022). https://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/ New Start Treaty, United States of America-Russian Federation, 8 Nisan, 2010, https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/new_start_treaty.pdf
  • Nuclear Threat Initiative. (2015). South Africa Nuclear Overview. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/south-africa-nuclear/
  • NORRIS, R. S. ve KRISTENSEN, H. M. (2006). Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62(4), 64-66.
  • ÖZGÜR, S. (2006) Geleceğe Yönelen Tehdit Kitle İmha Silahları. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • PRADHAN, P. (1987). Nuclear Pakistan: India's Response. India Quarterly, 43(1), 1-14.
  • PURKITT, H. vd. (2002). South Africa’s Nuclear Decisions. International Security, 27(1), 186–194.
  • RAUF, T. (2017). Engagement On Nuclear Disarmament Between Nuclear Weapon-Possessing States and Non-Nuclear Weapon States, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Sweden.
  • RAYMER, B. (2012) The Problem with Nuclear Diplomacy: Jimmy Carter and Pakistan's Nuclear Program. Liberty University.
  • SAGAN, S. D. (1996). Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?: Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security, 21(3), 54–86.
  • SAHIMI, M. (2013) Atoms for Peace. The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, 10.
  • SCHWARZ, M. I. (1996). The Russian-A (merican) Bomb: The Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project. Journal of Undergraduate Studies, 3, 103-108.
  • SCHRECKER, E. (2010). Soviet espionage in America: an oft-told tale. Reviews in American History, 38(2), 355-361.
  • SHEN, Z. ve XIA, Y. (2012) Between aid and restriction: the Soviet Union's changing policies on China's nuclear weapons program, 1954-1960. Asian Perspective, 36.1: 95-122.
  • Statement of DPRK Government on its withdrawal from NPT. (2003). KCNA. https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1452003631-225477096/statement-of-dprk-government-on-its-withdrawal-from-npt/
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2005). SIPRI Yearbook 2005: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. SIPRI Yearbook.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2017) Yearbook, SIPRI. Yearbook 2017, Military Expenditure Database. 2020.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2022). SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2023). SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press.
  • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I, United States of America-Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, 31 Temmuz, 1991, https://media.nti.org/documents/start_1_treaty.pdf
  • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II, United States of America-The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, 3 Ocak, 1993, https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/start_2_treaty.pdf
  • STREEPER, C. (2009 ) Atoms for Peace and the Nonproliferation Treaty: An Unintended Consequence, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, Fall 2009, 49-58.
  • SZAZS, F. M. (1992). British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: The Los Alamos Years. Springer. The Fog of War by Robert Mcnamara (Belgesel), Apple TV, Apple, 2004, https://tv.apple.com/tr/movie/the-fog-of-war/umc.cmc.3j815y9s5id2nvfztrlfh75il
  • The National Interest. (2012). JFK's Overshadowed Crisis. https://nationalinterest.org/article/jfks-overshadowed-crisis-7073?nopaging=1
  • Treaty On The Non-proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 1 Temmuz 1968, https://treaties.unoda.org/t/npt
  • Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Kurumu. (2021). Atoms for Peace Speech, Eisonhower. https://www.iaea.org/about/history/atoms-for-peace-speech
  • U.S. Department of Energy (2010). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb, Washington.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2022). Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, https://www.state.gov/peaceful-uses-of-nuclear-technology-a-powerful-tool-for-a-better-world/
  • U.S. Department of State. (2022). EINSTEIN'S LETTER TO ROOSEVELT. https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Resources/einstein_letter_photograph.htm#1
  • U.S. Department of State. (2023). The Acheson-Lilienthal & Baruch Plans, 1946. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/baruch-plans
  • U.S. Government Publishing Office. (2005). The North Korean Nuclear Challenge: Is There a Way Forward? : Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and the Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, February 17, 2005.
  • Reaching Critical Will. (2015). US-India Nuclear Deal. https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/resources/fact-sheets/critical-issues/5451-us-india-nuclear-deal
  • YANQIONG, L. ve JIFENG, L. (2009) Analysis of Soviet technology transfer in the development of China's nuclear weapons. Comparative Technology Transfer and Society, 7.1: 66-110.
  • Yearbook, S. I. P. R. I. (2021). Hans M. Kristensen, Matt Korda. Annual Report: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security, 2021-06.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Güvenlik Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Güngör Şahin 0000-0001-6296-8568

Serhat Uysal 0009-0001-8087-6293

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, G., & Uysal, S. (2023). NÜKLEER SİLAHLARIN YAYILMASI VE SİLAHSIZLANMA SÜRECİNİN GELİŞMESİ. Uluslararası Kriz Ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 466-492.