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Acrimony in Colonial Liberia

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 38, 06.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.689657

Öz

This article addresses the development of the acrimonious relationships between freed Black American slaves who settled in Liberia, and their African hosts. The superiority complex of the former made them have derogatory views about their hosts, while the latter, who initially welcomed the repatriates, loathed them for being arrogant descendants of slaves. The sequential transgressions committed against the indigenous people, by the settler class, degenerated to an apartheid situation. Principally, their agonizing experiences revolved around land ownership and inequity. Despite the desolation, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) ignored human rights abuses that were identical with what it denounced in other parts of colonial Africa. However, despite the tragedies they had grappled with, enough precautionary measures are not in place to nip other potentially volatile situations in the bud. In conclusion, the write-up, through qualitative verification of facts, highlighted how problems of finance, education, superiority complex, greed and avarice and duplicity of African politicians complicated the Liberian situation.

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Proje Numarası

Nil

Kaynakça

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Sömürülen Liberya’da Çekişmeler

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 38, 06.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.689657

Öz

Bu makale Liberya’ya yerleşen özgür siyahi Amerikalı köleler ile Afrikalı ev sahipleri arasındaki acımasız ilişkilerin gelişimini incelemektedir. Siyahi kölelerin üstünlük kompleksi, onların ev sahipleri hakkında aşağılayıcı görüşlere sahip olmasına yol açarken, başlangıçta geri dönenleri memnuniyetle karşılayan ev sahipleri, kölelerin küstah torunları oldukları için onlardan nefret ediyordu. Yerli halk tarafından, yerleşimci sınıfa peş peşe yapılan kural çiğnemeler, ayrışmacı bir duruma yol açmıştı. Esasen, acı veren deneyimleri arazi mülkiyeti ve eşitsizliği etrafında dönüyordu. Terk edilmişliğe rağmen, Afrika Birliği Örgütü, sömürge Afrika’nın diğer bölgelerinde kınadıklarıyla aynı olan insan hakları ihlallerini göz ardı etti. Bununla birlikte, boğuştukları trajedilere rağmen, filizlenmekte olan diğer potansiyel olarak uçucu durumları kırpmak için yeterli tedbirler mevcut değildi. Sonuç olarak, kaleme aldığım yazı, olguların nitel olarak doğrulanması yoluyla, finans, eğitim, üstünlük kompleksi, açgözlülük, hırs ve sorunları Afrikalı siyasetçilerin Liberya durumunu nasıl karmaşık hale getirdiğini vurgulamaktadır.

Proje Numarası

Nil

Kaynakça

  • [1] Ajayi, Jacob .F. Ade. & Crowder, M. (Eds.) (1974) History of West Africa. (2) Essex: Longman Group Ltd.
  • [2] American Geographical Society (1908) Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 40 (1), 21-22. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/197994
  • [3] American Society of International Law (1911) Agreement Between the United Kingdom and Liberia Respecting the Navigation of the Manoh River. The American Journal of International Law, Supplement: Official Documents 7 (3), 177-180. [4] American Society of International Law (1911) Convention Between the United Kingdom and Liberia Respecting the Boundary Between Sierra Leone and Liberia. The American Journal of International Law, Supplement: Official Documents 5 (4) 279-281. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2212433
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  • [10] Department of Labour, United States of America. List Required by the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 Updated September 26, 2012. Available at: www.dol.gov/.../pdf/TVPRA2011-20... [11] Diercks, Tegan. S. K. (2011) Congo’s Intractable Conflict: How Lessons from Mozambique and Liberia Can Inform a Way Forward. M.A. Thesis, Georgetown University. Available at: https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/.../diercksTegan.pdf
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  • [17] Feick, Greer. (2011) “Red, White and Blue Rubber: American Involvement in the Liberian Slavery Crisis, 1928-1934” Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. Available at: http://www.history.columbia.edu/undergraduate/
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  • [20] Gathii James Thuo (2007) Imperialism, Colonialism, and International Law. Buffalo Law Review, 54, (4) 1012-1066. Available at: http://www.lawecommons.luc.edu/
  • [21] Genovese, D, Eugene and Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. (1979) The Slave Economics in Political Perspective. The Journal of American History, (66), (1) 7-23. Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/1894671
  • [22] Gershoni, Yekutiel. (1992) The Formation of Liberia's Boundaries Part I: Agreements. Liberian Studies Journal, XVII, (1). Available at: https://www.hufind.huji.ac.il/
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  • [24] Gross, A. Earnest. (1966) The South West Africa Case: What Happened? Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations publication), 45 (1), 36-48. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20039211
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  • [43] Martin, J. Jane. (1987) Seaton Samuel W. Liberian Citizen. Liberian Studies Journal XII (2), 1, 99-218.
  • [44] Martino, Enrique. (2012). Clandestine Recruitment Networks in the Bight of Biafra: Fernando Po’s Answer to the Labour Question, 1926 1945, Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis IRSH 57. (Special Issue), 39–72.
  • [45] Meredith, Martin (1980). End of the Americo-Liberian Aristocracy. From The Fate of Africa: A History of 50 Years of Independence. Public Affairs, 545-548. www.https://faroutliers.wordpress.com/2008/.../end-of-the-americo-liberian-aristocracy-198...
  • [46] Oldfield, J.R. (1992) The London Committee and Mobilization of Public Opinion against the Slave Trade. The Historical Journal, 35 (2), 331-343. Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/2639671.
  • [47] Parkins, Daniel. (2019) "Colonialism, Post colonialism, and the Drive for Social Justice: A Historical Analysis of Identity Based Conflicts in the First Republic of Liberia”. Capstone Collection. 3156. Available at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/3156
  • [48] Patton, Adell. (2005) Liberia and Containment Policy against Colonial Take-Over: Public Health and Sanitation Reform, 1912-1953. Liberian Studies Journal, XXX (2), 40-65.
  • [49] Ranard, A. Donald. (Ed.) Liberians. An Introduction to their History and Culture. Centre for Applied Linguistics. Washington, D.C. Available at: https://www.hplct.org/assets/.../files/Liberians.pdf
  • [50] Reginald, Austin. (1975) Racism and Apartheid in Southern Africa, Rhodesia A book of data. Paris, UNESCO press. Available on
  • [51] https://www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0001/000161/016163eo.pdf
  • [52] Republic of Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report. Volume II. Consolidated Final Report. Available at: www.trcofliberia.org/reports/final-report
  • [53] Reviewed Works. (1931) The 1930 Enquiry Commission to Liberia. Journal of Royal African Society 30 (120), 277-290.
  • [54] Rodney, Walter. (2012) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Cape town. .Pambazuka Press, an imprint of Fahamu. Available at: https://howandwhatwelearn.wordpress.com/.../walter-rodneys-how-europe-underdevel...
  • [55] Rossiter, Edward. (1993) The Abolition of Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Its Consequences for Africa. African-American History. OAH Magazine of History 7(4), 45-54.
  • [56] Ruetten, Felicitas. (2009) Black America's Perceptions of Africa in the 1920s and 1930s. M.A. Thesis, Seton Hall University. Available at: www.scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
  • [57] Sackett, Marjie. Forced Child Labour and Cocoa Production in West Africa. Topical Research Digest: Human Rights and Contemporary Slavery. Human Rights & Human Welfare Available at: www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/.../slavery/africa.pdf
  • [58] Save My Future Foundation (2008) THE HEAVY LOAD A Demand for Fundamental Changes at the Bridgestone/Firestone Rubber Plantation in Liberia. The Save My Future Foundation. Available at: www.labourrights.org/sites/default/files/.../The%20Heavy%20Load.pdf
  • [59] Sawyer, Amos. (1992) The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge. San Francisco. Institute for Contemporary Studies. Available at: pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABM803.pdf
  • [60] Shick, W Tom. (1971) A Quantitative Analysis of Liberian Colonization from 1820 to 1843 with Special Reference to Mortality. Journal of African History, 12 (1), 45-59.
  • [61] Smyke J. Raymond. (2005) An Indigenous Liberian’s Quest for the Presidency: Momolu Massaquoi and the 1931 Election. Liberian Studies Journal, XXX (2), 1-28.
  • [62] Sundiata, K. Ibrahim. (1975) The Rise And Decline of Kru Power: Fernando Po In The Nineteenth Century. Liberian Studies Journal, (VI) 1, 25-41. Available at: http://www.scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/lsj/article/viewFile/4106/3733
  • [63] Taleb Baligh Ben Ahmed Ben (2014) Accounts of Settler Colonialism: A comparative Study of the Dakota and Palestines’ Plight. M.A.Thesis University of Nebraska.
  • [64] UNESCO (1979) The African slave trade from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century Reports and papers of the meeting of experts organized by Unesco at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 31 January to 4 February 1978, Paris. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Available at: http://www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images
  • [65] United Nations Publication (1975) United Nations Department of Political Affairs. Issues on Southern Rhodesia II. (5), pp. 1-25. Available at: www.un.org/en/decolonization/publication.
  • [66] Vera, M. Green. (1969) “Aspects of Interethnic Integration in Aruba, Netherlands Antilles.” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona. Available at: https://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/
  • [67] Verite “Rubber Production In Liberia: An Exploratory Assessment of Living and Working Conditions, with Attention to Forced Labour: Available at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images
  • [68] Watts, C.P. (2012) Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence An International History. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, New York.
  • [69] Weissbrodt, David. & Georgina Mahony. (1986) “International Legal Action Against Apartheid,” Law & Ineq. 4, (19) 86: 485. Available at: http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/361.
  • [70] Wily, Liz A. (2007) “So Who Owns the Forest” An investigation into forest ownership and customary land rights in Liberia” The Sustainable Development Institute. Available at: www.rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/doc_102.pdf
  • [71] World Bank Report (2008) Liberia Insecurity of Land Tenure, Land Law and Land Registration in Liberia. Environmental and Natural Resources (AFTEN) Africa Region No. 46134-LR. Available at: www.documents.worldbank.org
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Akpojevbe Omasanjuwa 0000-0002-8005-3924

Junisa Phebean Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0275-1380

Proje Numarası Nil
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2020
Kabul Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Omasanjuwa, A., & Phebean, J. (2020). Acrimony in Colonial Liberia. Journal of Universal History Studies, 3(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.689657

23283 Journal of Universal History Studies © 2018 by Sabit Dokuyan is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0                                     open access ile ilgili görsel sonucu             


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