Araştırma Makalesi
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Mimari Formun Evrim Anlatısı ve Canlı Form Hali

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 193 - 226, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1325535

Öz

Mimarlık tasarımında form kavramı, tarih öncesi dönemlerden beri tartışılmaktadır. En yalın haliyle, form, yapının şekli, kabuğu, içinde yaşanan hacim olarak ifade edilebilir. Çalışmada hedeflenen, tarihsel süreçteki formun değişimini ve evrimini analiz ederek yeni anlamlarını ve potansiyellerini keşfedebilmek ve form üzerine eleştirel bir bakış açısı geliştirebilmektir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda çalışma üç ana eksen üzerinde kurgulanmıştır. İlk aşamada, tarihsel süreçte formun evrimini analiz etmek için tasarlanmış bir haritalama yer almaktadır. Bu haritalama ile kronolojik olarak, formun ele alınış biçimindeki değişimler, form tasarım ve üretim tekniklerine odaklanılarak tartışılmaktadır. Bu aşama ile, formun artık sadece çizimlerle temsil edilen ya da statik olarak üretilen nihai bir ürün olmadığı, aksine zaman-mekânsal bir düzlemde, tasarımında ya da üretiminde süreç ve dinamizm içeren bir kavram olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İkinci aşamada ise, formun evrimi 'canlı form' (vital form) olarak ifade edilen yeni bir kavram üzerinden tartışılmaktadır. Form, statik veya durağanı temsil ederken, canlı form, dinamik ve devingen bir hal tarif etmektedir. Form, tasarımcı tarafından yukarıdan aşağıya sembolik olarak tasarlanan veya oluşturulanı ifade ederken, canlı form, tasarım veya üretimine etkide bulunan aktörlerin etkisiyle aşağıdan yukarıya oluşan, otonom olan bir hal ifade etmektedir. Ardından, çalışma kapsamında önerilen model üzerinde, form ve canlı form arasındaki ilişkiler, geçişler, etkileşimler, değişimler; kuramsal tartışmalardan elde edilen kavram setleri ve üretim, tasarım süreçlerindeki açılımları birlikte ele alınmakta ve yorumlanmaktadır. Mimarlıkta forma ilişkin böyle bir okumanın, farkındalığın, günümüz form kavrayışına, tasarlama ve üretme pratiklerine yeni açılımlar getireceğine inanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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The Evolution Narrative of Architectural Form and The State of Vital Form

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 193 - 226, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1325535

Öz

The concept of form in architectural design has been debated since prehistoric times. In its most straightforward meaning, form can be defined as the shape, shell, and inhabited volume of a structure. This study aims to explore the historical process of the transformation and evolution of form, as well as to discover new meanings and potentials of form through analysis, and to develop a critical perspective on form. The study is structured around three main axes. In the first stage, a mapping is designed to analyze the evolution of form throughout history. This mapping focuses on the changes in the approach to form, design, and making techniques chronologically. This stage reveals that form is no longer merely a final product represented by drawings or statically produced, but rather a concept that involves process and dynamism in a temporal-spatial dimension, whether in its design or production. In the second stage, the evolution of form is discussed through a new concept called ‘vital form’. While form represents something static or stationary, vital form signifies a dynamic and fluid state. While form is symbolically designed or produced by the designer from top to bottom, vital form represents a bottom-up, autonomous state formed by the influence of actors involved in design or production. Subsequently, the relationships, transitions, interactions, and changes between form and vital form, as well as their interpretations, are discussed within the proposed model in the study, based on conceptual sets derived from theoretical debates and the implications in design and making processes. It is believed that such exploration and awareness of form in architecture will bring new dimensions to the contemporary understanding, design, and making practices of form.

Kaynakça

  • AA School Of Architecture. (2010, October 29). Jane Burry - The ‘new mathematics’ of architecture [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao8K0mN-gCw
  • Abrishami, S., Goulding, J. S., Rahimian, F. P., & Ganah, A. (2014). Integration of BİM and generative design to exploit AEC conceptual design innovation. Journal Of Information Technology in Construction, ITCON, 19(21), 350-359. https://www.itcon.org/2014/21
  • Aburas, S. (2019, July). Responsive architecture [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/soulaf_aburas_responsive_architecture
  • Agkathidis, A. (2016). Generative design: Form finding techniques in architecture. Laurence King Publishing.
  • Alaçam, S. (2019). Special topics in architectural design [Lecture]. Istanbul Technical University. 2018-2019 Spring Semester.
  • Alberti, L. B. (1988). On the art of building in ten books. (J. Rykwert, N. Leach & R. Tavernor, Trans.). The MIT Press. (Original work published 15th century)
  • Alexander, C. (2002). The nature of order: An essay on the art of building and the nature of the universe, The phenomenon of life. Center for Environmental Structure.
  • Allen, S. (1997). From object to the field: Field conditions in architecture and urbanism. In M. Carpo (Ed.). The Digital Turn in Architecture 1992-2012. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Aristoteles. (2019). Metafizik (Y. G. Sev, Trans.). Pinhan. (Original work published 4th century BC)
  • Aristoteles. (2020). Fizik (S. Babür, Trans.). YKY. (Original work published 4th century BC)
  • Bader, C., Patrick, W. G., Kolb, D., Hays, S. G., Keating, S., Sharma, S., Dikovsky, D., Belocon, B., Weaver, J. C., Silver, P. A. & Oxman, N. (2016). Grown, printed, and biologically augmented: An additively manufactured microfluidic wearable, functionally templated for synthetic microbes. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 3(2), 79-89. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109911
  • Bakırcı, Ç., Albayrak, S., Özmeral, E. (2022, February 2). Özel görelilik teorisi nedir? Einstein, ışık hızının doğasını açıklamayı çalışırken evreni nasıl çözdü? Evrim Ağacı. https://evrimagaci.org/s/4556
  • Bayram, A. K. Ş., Güzelci, O. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2023). Mimarlıkta sayısal tasarım pedagojisi bağlamında enformel öğrenme. Journal of Computational Design (JCODE), 4(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1227228
  • Bergson, H. (1944). Creative evolution (A. Mitchell, Trans.) The Modern Library. (Original work published 1911)
  • Billington, D. P. (2003). The art of structural design a Swiss legacy. Heinz Isler: Structural art in thin-shell concrete. Princeton University Art Museum.
  • Boller, G. & Schwartz, J. (2020). Modeling the form. Heinz Isler, Frei Otto, and their approaches to form-finding. In J. Campbell, N. Baker, K. Draper, M. Driver, M. Heaton, Y. Pan, N. Ruamsanitwong, D. Yeomans (Eds.). Iron, Steel and Buildings: Studies in the History of Construction. The Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Construction History Society, (pp. 565–576). Construction History Society. https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/457240
  • Burry, M & Burry, J. (2010). The new mathematics of architecture. Thames & Hudson.
  • Burry, M. (2012, January 20). Aegis Hyposurface. Mark Burry. https://mcburry.net/aegis-hyposurface/
  • Burry, M. (2016, March). Antoni Gaudi and Frei Otto: Essential precursors to the parametricism manifesto. Architectural Design, 86 (2), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2021
  • Çağdaş, G. (2021). Generative systems [Lecture]. Istanbul Technical University. 2019-2020 Spring Semester.
  • Carpo, M. (Ed.). (2013). The digital turn in architecture 1992-2012. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118795811
  • CCAchannel. (2012, June 30). Take note with Greg Lynn [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxNtLcEh4G0
  • Chen, Y. (2015, February 5). Swarm intelligence in architecture design_step 1 [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/118856229
  • Chilton, J. C. & Isler, H. (2000). Heinz Isler: The engineer’s contribution to contemporary architecture. Telford. Claypool, M. (2017). İşte Gaudi (D. Öztok, Trans.). Hep Kitap.
  • Darwin, C. (2012). Türlerin kökeni (Ö. Ünalan, Trans.). Evrensel Basım. (Original work published 1859)
  • dECOi Architects. (2000). Technological latency: From autoplastic to alloplastic. Digital Creativity, 11(3), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1076/digc.11.3.131.8866
  • Dehovitz, D. C. (2016). The Platonic solids: An exploration of the five regular polyhedra and the symmetries of three-dimensional space. Whitman College. Https://Www.Whitman.Edu/Documents/Academics/Mathematics/2016/Dehovitz.Pdf
  • Delanda, M. (1992). Nonorganic life. In J. Crary, S. Kwinter (Eds.) Incorporations (Zone 6) (pp. 128-167). Zone Books.
  • Deleuze, G. (1995). Difference and repetition. (P. Patton, Trans.). Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1969)
  • Deleuze, G. (2007). The actual and the virtual (E. R. Albert, Trans.). In G. Deleuze, C. Parnet. (Eds.), Dialogues II. Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1977)
  • Deleuze, G., Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus, capitalism, and schizophrenia (B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota Press. (Original work published 1980).
  • Demir, Y. (2020, October 5). Paradigma Kayması [Webinar]. Architecture Festival.
  • Derrida, J. (2001). Writing and difference (A. Bass, Trans.). Routledge Classics. (Original work published 1967)
  • Doesburg, T. (1924). Towards a plastic architecture. De Stijl, 7(6/7), 78-83.
  • Drew, P. (1976). Frei Otto: Form and structure. Westview Press.
  • Evans, R. (1995). The projective cast: Architecture and its three geometries. The MIT Press.
  • Faculdade De Ciências Universidade De Lisboa. (2017, November 21). Geometry of architecture [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Fb0R2EYo4&t=1s Forty, A. (2004). Words and buildings: A vocabulary of modern architecture. Thames Hudson.
  • Frampton, K. (1995). Studies in tectonic culture: The poetics of construction in nineteenth and twentieth century architecture. The MIT Press.
  • Frei Otto Film. (2020, April 23). Frei Otto: Spanning the future [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5hKnOyg43k&ab_channel=FreiOttoFilm.
  • Giedion, S. (1941). Space, time, and architecture. Harvard University Press.
  • Giedion, S. (1948). Mechanization takes command. Oxford University Press.
  • Glaeser, L. (1972). The work of Frei Otto. Museum Of Modern Art.
  • Goldsmith, N. S. (2014). Shape finding or form finding? In R. Brasil, R. Pauletti (Eds.). Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. IASS 2014 Brasilia Symposium: Shells, Membranes and Spatial Structures: Footprints, pp. 1-10(10). International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures.
  • Goulthorpe, M. (2008). The possibility of (an) architecture: Collected essays by Mark Goulthorpe, dECOi Architects. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203865996
  • Henderson, L. D. (1983). The fourth dimension and non-Euclidean geometry in modern art. Princeton University Press. Hensel, M., Menges, A., Weinstock, M. (Eds.). (2004). Emergence: Morphogenetic design strategies. Academy Press. Hensel, M., Menges, A., Weinstock, M. (2010). Emergent technologies and design towards a biological paradigm for architecture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315881294
  • Kay, P., Kempton, W. (1984). What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? American Anthropologist, 86 (1), 65-79. Https://Doi.Org/10.1525/Aa.1984.86.1.02a00050
  • Kiesler, F. (1949). Pseudo-functionalism in modern architecture. The Partisan Review. 15(2), 733-742.
  • Kloft, H. (2011). Logic and form: from Isler shells to nonstandard structures. Journal Of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures: J. IASS, 52(3), 191-199.
  • Kolarevic, B. (Ed.). (2003). Architecture in the digital age: Design and manufacturing. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203634561
  • Kotnik, T. (2010). Digital architectural design as exploration of computable functions. International Journal of Architectural Computing. 8(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1260/1478-0771.8.1.1
  • Kudless, A. (n.d.). Honeycomb morphologies [Online Image]. Retrieved on July 18, 2023, from http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=4405
  • Lazaro, J. (2017, February 17). What relationship is there between Gaudi and emerging technologies? Ferrovial Blog. Https://Blog.Ferrovial.Com/En/2017/02/Antoni-Gaudi-And-Emerging-Technologies/
  • Lewis, W. J. (2003). Tension structures: Form and behavior. Thomas Telford.
  • Llach, D. C. (2015). Builders of the vision: Software and the imagination of design. Routledge.
  • Lynn, G. (1999). Animate form. Princeton Architectural Press.
  • Lynn, G. (2005, February). Greg Lynn ile mimaride kalkülüs üzerine [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/greg_lynn_organic_algorithms_in_architecture?language=tr
  • Lynn, G., Rappolt, M. (Ed.). (2008). Form. Rizzoli.
  • Melbourne School of Design. (2017, September 18). Greg Lynn - fast forward from animate form [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZA-LL5t-s4Y
  • Menges, A. (Ed.). (2012). Material computation: Higher integration in morphogenetic design. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Menges, A. (Ed.). (2015). Material synthesis: fusing the physical and the computational. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Miller, A. I. (2001). Einstein, Picasso: Space, time and beauty that causes HAVOC. Basic Books.
  • Molella, A. P. (2002). Science moderne: Sigfried Giedion’s “space, time and architecture and mechanization takes command”. Technology And Culture, 43(2), 374–389. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2002.0077
  • Morphocode. (2020, February 19). The power of interactive tools. Morphocode. https://morphocode.com/the-power-of-interactive-tools/
  • Otto, F. & Rasch, B. (1995). Finding form: Towards an architecture of the minimal. Edition Axel Menges.
  • Oxman, N. (2012). Towards a material ecology. In B. Price, N. Gattegno (Eds.). ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (pp. 19-20). https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2012.019
  • Oxman, N. (2015, March). Design at the intersection of technology and biology [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/neri_oxman_design_at_the_intersection_of_technology_and_biology
  • Oxman, N. (n.d.). Hybrid living materials [Online Image]. Retrieved on July 18, 2023, from https://oxman.com/projects/hybrid-living-materials
  • Oxman, R. (2006). Theory and design in the first digital age. Design Studies, 27(3), 229-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2005.11.002
  • Oxman, R. (2009). Digital tectonics as a morphogenetic process. In A. Domingo Cabo, C. Lázaro (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium 2009 (pp. 938-948). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/6959
  • Picon, A. (2010). Digital culture in architecture: An introduction for the design professions. Birkhäuser.
  • Platon. (2022). Timaios. (O. Özgüç, Trans.). FOL. (Original work published 4th century BC)
  • Raymond G. (1981). The idea of critical theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rendell, J. (2008). Critical spatial practice. In S. Nielsen, C. B. Andersen (Eds.). Art Incorporated. Kunstmuseet Koge Skitsesamling.
  • Roth, L. M. (2002). Mimarlığın öyküsü (E. Akça, Trans.) Kabalcı. (Original work published 1993)
  • Scheurer, F., Schindler, C., & Braach, M. (2005). From design to production: Three complex structures materialized in wood. In C. Soddu (Ed.). 6th International Conference Generative Art 2005. AleaDesign.
  • SFMOMA. (2002). Embryologic house [Online Image]. Retrieved on July 18, 2023, from https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2002.84/
  • Siegel, C. (1962). Structure and form in modern architecture. Reinhold.
  • Singh, V., & Gu, N. (2012). Towards an integrated generative design framework. Design Studies, 33(2), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2011.06.001
  • Smith, R. S. H., Bader, C., Sharma, S., Kolb, D., Tang, T. C., Hosny, A., ... & Oxman, N. (2020). Hybrid living materials: Digital design and fabrication of 3D multimaterial structures with programmable biohybrid surfaces. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907401
  • Sönmez, N. O. (2020). Mimaride ileri konular [Lecture]. Istanbul Technical University. 2019-2020 Fall Semester.
  • Soulaf, A. (2019, July). Responsive architecture [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/soulaf_aburas_responsive_architecture
  • Sullivan, L. H. (1947). Kindergarten chats (revised 1918) and other writings. George Wittenborn.
  • Tan, F. & Paker, N. (2018). Çizimin mimarlığı ve mimari bir motivasyon olarak çizim. Betonart 59, 24-30. Team D3. (2016, December 7). A walk through the history of CAD [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcwIMsh_g3o
  • Tedeschi, A. (2014). AAD_algorithms-aided design. Parametric Strategies Using Grasshopper. Le Penseur.
  • Terzidis, K. (2005). Expressive form: A conceptual approach to computational design. Routledge.
  • Thompson, D. W. (1945). On growth and form. Cambridge at the University Press. (Original work published 1917)
  • Tolunay Berber, C., & Özkar, M. (2020). A computable vitality: Tange’s architectural system for Skopje. METU Journal of The Faculty of Architecture, 37(2), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.4305/metu.jfa.2020.2.4
  • Varela, F., Maturana, H., & Uribe, R. (1974). Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization, and a model. BioSystems, 5(4), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8
  • Vitruvius. (1990). Mimarlık üzerine on kitap. (S. Güven, Trans.). Şevki Vanlı Mimarlık Vakfı. (Original work published 1st century BC)
  • Whitehead, A. N. (2017). Doğa kavramı (S. Çalcı & S. Köse, Trans.) Alfa. (Original work published 1920)
  • WikiArt. (2020). The girls of avignon [Online Image]. Retrieved on July 18, 2023, from https://www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-picasso/the-girls-of-avignon-1907
  • Wikipedia. (2015). Paraboloid [Online Image]. Retrieved on July 18, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraboloid#/media/File:Parabol-el-zy-hy-s.svg
  • Williams, K. (2022). Form‑finding, architecture, and mathematics. Nexus Network Journal (2022) 24:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-021-00588-3
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimari Tarih, Teori ve Eleştiri, Mimari Tasarım, Mimarlık ve Tasarımda Bilgi Teknolojileri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Betül Uçkan 0000-0003-4318-9563

Pelin Dursun 0000-0002-4047-7140

Ahsen Özsoy 0000-0003-0326-1882

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uçkan, B., Dursun, P., & Özsoy, A. (2023). The Evolution Narrative of Architectural Form and The State of Vital Form. Journal of Computational Design, 4(2), 193-226. https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1325535

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JCoDe makaleleri "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License" altında yayınlanmaktadır.