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Tracing the Alteration at Sarajevo: Historical Development of Sarajevo and Evaluation of Recovery Process after 1992-95 War

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 34, 1722 - 1756, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.959015

Öz

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the South-Eastern of Europe and the west of the Balkans. The country was one of the former Yugoslavia’s federated states and gained independence in 1991. The capital Sarajevo is one of the significant centres of Bosnia and Hercegovina where political and social alteration in the 20th century can be observed. Historical diversity was reflected in the urban landscape of Sarajevo, known as the Jerusalem of Europe. The regions of the city that developed linearly in the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and Yugoslavian Periods were built in different architectural styles depending on the administrations, ideologies, population, social life, and environmental planning works. Sarajevo's urban areas were deliberately destroyed during the 1992-1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina War. The tangible and intangible cultural values of the city were damaged. The physical and social layers of Sarajevo experienced planned and unplanned changes in the post-war recovery period. Within the scope of this study, the urban development of Sarajevo was examined historically. The reflections of the political, ideological, sociological, and economic alterations following the wars and administrative changes in the city were investigated. The post-war recovery process of Sarajevo and the interventions in the urban area were examined. Socio-cultural and spatial changes during and the post-war period were evaluated.

Kaynakça

  • Alić, D., ve Gusheh, M. (1999). Reconciling national narratives in socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Baščaršija project,1948-1953. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 58(1), 6-5.
  • Aquilué, I., ve Roca, E. (2016). Urban development after the Bosnian War: The division of Sarajevo's territory and the construction of East Sarajevo. Cities, 58, 152-163.
  • Arhivsa.ba. (1979). Monografija "Sarajevo", Turistički savez Sarajeva, Ljubljana 1979; Bibliotečka građa HAS. Saraybosna Tarihi Arşivleri internet sayfası. Erişim adresi: http://www.arhivsa.ba/wordpress/?tag=unima
  • Bassiouni, M. C. (1994). Study of the battle and siege of Sarajevo. Retrieved from https://phdn.org/archives/www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm
  • Bevan, R. (2016). The destruction of memory: Architecture at war. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Bilgili, B. (2021). Silahlı çatışma/savaşlar sonrasında kentsel alanlarda kültürel mirasın korunması ve yönetimi: Beyrut ve Saraybosna deneyimleri. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Bilgili, B., ve Tanyeli, G. (2020). "Askeri, politik ve stratejik bir araç olarak kültürel mirası silahlaştırmak". Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 6 (3), 988-1011
  • Bilgili, B., ve Tanyeli, G. (2021). Tracing the alteration: Historical development of Sarajevo and evaluation of recovery process after 1992-95 war. Presented at the 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism, Alanya HEP University.
  • City Planning Institute. (1995). Sarajevo reconstruction projects. Sarajevo: City of Sarajevo.
  • City Planning Institute. (1996). Revitalization plan/landscape of Sarajevo. Sarajevo: City of Sarajevo.
  • Coward, M. (2007). Urbicide reconsidered. Theory and Event, 10(2).
  • Coward, M. (2009). Urbicide: The politics of urban destruction. New York: Routledge.
  • DAS-SABIH, A. o. A. (1994). Warchitecture: Sarajevo urbicide: Das Sabih.
  • Development Planning Institute. (2016). Development strategy of the Sarajevo Canton until 2020
  • Donia, R. J. (2006). Sarajevo: A biography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • FAMA. (1993). Survival guide. Sarajevo: FAMA.
  • FAMA International. (t.y.). Survival map of Sarajevo, 1992-1996/ Topography of Life and Death. Erişim adresi: http://www.sa92.ba/v1/index.php?showimage=259
  • Friedman, F. (1996). The Bosnian muslims: Denial of a nation. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Gabrijan, D. (1983). The Bosnian oriental architecture in Sarajevo with special reference to the contemporary one. Ljubljana: Dopisna Delavska.
  • Graham, S. (2003). Lessons in urbicide. New Left Review, (19), 63-77.
  • Greble, E. (2011). Sarajevo, 1941–1945: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Hitler’s Europe. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press.
  • Gül, M., ve Dee, J. (2015). Sarajevo – A city profile. Cities, 43, 152-166.
  • Hadžijahic, S. (1994). Privremeno izgubljeni sjaj 1994 plamen još živi/1994 we still carry the flame.
  • [Hedwig Klawuttke’nin fotoğrafı]. (1997). Destroyed Media Centre of Sarajevo. Erişim adresi: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5461829
  • Herscher, A. (2007). Urbicide, urbanism, and urban destruction in Kosovo. Theory and Event, 10(2).
  • Herscher, A. (2010). Violence taking place: The architecture of the Kosovo conflict. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Husukic, E., ve Zejnilovic, E. (2017). The environmental aesthetics of Sarajevo: A city shaped by memory. Urbani Izziv, 28(1), 96-106.
  • Institute for the Protection of Cultural-Historical Heritage Sarajevo. (1994). Destruction & war damages of cultural heritage in old market place in Sarajevo-Bascarsija. Sarajevo: The Institute for the Protection of Cultural-Historical Heritage Sarajevo.
  • [Kai Speck fotoğrafı]. (2001). Parliament Building of Sarajevo 2001. Erişim adresi: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarajevo_parlament_2001.jpg
  • Kapić, S. (2000). The siege of Sarajevo: 1992-1996: FAMA
  • Klemenčić, M. (2000–2001). The boundaries. Internal order and identities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Boundary & Security Bulletin, 8(4), 63-71.
  • Maček, I. (2009). Sarajevo under siege: Anthropology in wartime. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Makaš, E. G. (2010). Sarajevo. In E. G. Makaš & T. D. Conley (Eds.), capital cities in the aftermath of empires: Planning in central and southeastern Europe (pp. 241-257). London-New York: Routledge.
  • Malcolm, N. (1994). Bosnia: A short history. London/New York: New York University Press.
  • Markowitz, F. (2007). Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 49(1), 40-73.
  • Martín-Díaz, J. (2014). Urban restructuring in post-war contexts: The case of Sarajevo. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 63(3), 303–317.
  • Napredak. (1997). Dokumenti 1992-1996: Srušene i oštećene crkve nadbiskupije vrhbosanske (Vrhbosna başpiskoposluğunun yıkık ve hasarlı kiliseleri). Sarajevo.
  • Perry, V. (2019). Frozen, stalled, stuck, or just muddling through: The post-Dayton frozen conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Asia Europe Journal, (17), 107-127.
  • Pilav, A. (2012). Before the war, war, after the war: Urban imageries for urban resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 3(1), 23-37.
  • Pilav, A. (2017, 13 Nisan). Building Again. [Blog yazısı]. Erişim adresi: https://blog.architectuul.com/post/159514312657/building-again
  • Prstojević, M. (1994). Sarajevo: Rajeni grad. Ljubljana/Slovenia: Ideja.
  • Ristic, M. (2018). Architecture, urban space and war: The destruction and reconstruction of Sarajevo: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sarajevo Canton. (1999). The Sarajevo Canton reconstruction and development strategy. Sarajevo: Sarajevo Canton.
  • Shaw, M. (2004). New wars of the city: Relationships of “urbicide” and “genocide”. In S. Graham (Ed.), Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics (pp. 141–153). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Škoro, M. (2002). Greetings from Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Graphic Car.
  • Spasojević, B. (1999). Architektura stambenih palata Austrougarskog perioda u Sarajevu. Sarajevo: Rabić.
  • Sýkora, L. (1994). Local urban restructuring as a mirror of globalisation processes: Prague in the 1990s. Urban Studies, 31(7), 1149–1166.
  • Toal, G., ve Dahlman, C. T. (2011). Bosnia remade: Ethnic cleansing and its reversal. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Walasek, H. (2015). Bosnia and the destruction of cultural heritage. London: Routledge. Žujo, V., Mulabegović, F., ve Mulaomerović, S. (2014). Vijećnica Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Studio Urbing.
  • Zagora, N., ve Šamić, D. (2021). Urban rooms of Sarajevo: Transforming urban public spaces using interior design tools. Sarajevo: Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo.

Saraybosna’da Değişimin İzini Sürmek: Saraybosna’nın Tarihsel Gelişimi ve 1992-95 Savaşı Sonrası İyileşme Sürecinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 34, 1722 - 1756, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.959015

Öz

Bosna-Hersek Güney-Doğu Avrupa’da, Balkanların batısında yer almaktadır. Yugoslavya’yı oluşturan federe cumhuriyetlerden biriyken 1991 yılında bağımsızlığını ilan etmiştir. Başkent Saraybosna, Bosna-Hersek’in 20. yüzyıldaki politik ve toplumsal değişiminin gözlemlenebildiği önemli merkezlerden biridir. Tarihsel çeşitlilik Avrupa’nın Kudüs’ü olarak bilinen Saraybosna’da kentsel peyzaja yansımıştır. Saraybosna’nın Osmanlı, Avusturya-Macaristan ve Yugoslavya Dönemlerinde lineer olarak gelişen bölgeleri yönetimlere, ideolojilere, nüfusa, sosyal yaşama, çevre planlama çalışmalarına bağlı olarak farklı mimari karakterlerde yapılanmıştır. 1992-1995 Bosna-Hersek Savaşı sırasında Saraybosna’nın kentsel alanları bilinçli bir şekilde tahrip edilmiştir. Kentin somut ve somut olmayan kültürel değerleri zarar görmüştür. Savaşın ardından başlayan iyileşme sürecinde kentin fiziksel ve sosyal katmanları planlı ve plansız değişime uğramıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Saraybosna’nın kentsel gelişimi tarihsel olarak incelenmiştir. Savaşları ve yönetim değişikliklerini takip eden politik, ideolojik, sosyolojik ve ekonomik değişimlerin kente yansımaları araştırılmıştır. Saraybosna’nın savaş sonrası iyileşme süreci ve kentsel alandaki müdahaleler incelenmiştir. Bosna-Hersek Savaşı (1992-95) ve savaş sonrası dönemde sosyo-kültürel ve mekânsal değişim değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alić, D., ve Gusheh, M. (1999). Reconciling national narratives in socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Baščaršija project,1948-1953. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 58(1), 6-5.
  • Aquilué, I., ve Roca, E. (2016). Urban development after the Bosnian War: The division of Sarajevo's territory and the construction of East Sarajevo. Cities, 58, 152-163.
  • Arhivsa.ba. (1979). Monografija "Sarajevo", Turistički savez Sarajeva, Ljubljana 1979; Bibliotečka građa HAS. Saraybosna Tarihi Arşivleri internet sayfası. Erişim adresi: http://www.arhivsa.ba/wordpress/?tag=unima
  • Bassiouni, M. C. (1994). Study of the battle and siege of Sarajevo. Retrieved from https://phdn.org/archives/www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm
  • Bevan, R. (2016). The destruction of memory: Architecture at war. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Bilgili, B. (2021). Silahlı çatışma/savaşlar sonrasında kentsel alanlarda kültürel mirasın korunması ve yönetimi: Beyrut ve Saraybosna deneyimleri. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Bilgili, B., ve Tanyeli, G. (2020). "Askeri, politik ve stratejik bir araç olarak kültürel mirası silahlaştırmak". Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 6 (3), 988-1011
  • Bilgili, B., ve Tanyeli, G. (2021). Tracing the alteration: Historical development of Sarajevo and evaluation of recovery process after 1992-95 war. Presented at the 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism, Alanya HEP University.
  • City Planning Institute. (1995). Sarajevo reconstruction projects. Sarajevo: City of Sarajevo.
  • City Planning Institute. (1996). Revitalization plan/landscape of Sarajevo. Sarajevo: City of Sarajevo.
  • Coward, M. (2007). Urbicide reconsidered. Theory and Event, 10(2).
  • Coward, M. (2009). Urbicide: The politics of urban destruction. New York: Routledge.
  • DAS-SABIH, A. o. A. (1994). Warchitecture: Sarajevo urbicide: Das Sabih.
  • Development Planning Institute. (2016). Development strategy of the Sarajevo Canton until 2020
  • Donia, R. J. (2006). Sarajevo: A biography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • FAMA. (1993). Survival guide. Sarajevo: FAMA.
  • FAMA International. (t.y.). Survival map of Sarajevo, 1992-1996/ Topography of Life and Death. Erişim adresi: http://www.sa92.ba/v1/index.php?showimage=259
  • Friedman, F. (1996). The Bosnian muslims: Denial of a nation. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Gabrijan, D. (1983). The Bosnian oriental architecture in Sarajevo with special reference to the contemporary one. Ljubljana: Dopisna Delavska.
  • Graham, S. (2003). Lessons in urbicide. New Left Review, (19), 63-77.
  • Greble, E. (2011). Sarajevo, 1941–1945: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Hitler’s Europe. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press.
  • Gül, M., ve Dee, J. (2015). Sarajevo – A city profile. Cities, 43, 152-166.
  • Hadžijahic, S. (1994). Privremeno izgubljeni sjaj 1994 plamen još živi/1994 we still carry the flame.
  • [Hedwig Klawuttke’nin fotoğrafı]. (1997). Destroyed Media Centre of Sarajevo. Erişim adresi: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5461829
  • Herscher, A. (2007). Urbicide, urbanism, and urban destruction in Kosovo. Theory and Event, 10(2).
  • Herscher, A. (2010). Violence taking place: The architecture of the Kosovo conflict. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Husukic, E., ve Zejnilovic, E. (2017). The environmental aesthetics of Sarajevo: A city shaped by memory. Urbani Izziv, 28(1), 96-106.
  • Institute for the Protection of Cultural-Historical Heritage Sarajevo. (1994). Destruction & war damages of cultural heritage in old market place in Sarajevo-Bascarsija. Sarajevo: The Institute for the Protection of Cultural-Historical Heritage Sarajevo.
  • [Kai Speck fotoğrafı]. (2001). Parliament Building of Sarajevo 2001. Erişim adresi: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarajevo_parlament_2001.jpg
  • Kapić, S. (2000). The siege of Sarajevo: 1992-1996: FAMA
  • Klemenčić, M. (2000–2001). The boundaries. Internal order and identities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Boundary & Security Bulletin, 8(4), 63-71.
  • Maček, I. (2009). Sarajevo under siege: Anthropology in wartime. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Makaš, E. G. (2010). Sarajevo. In E. G. Makaš & T. D. Conley (Eds.), capital cities in the aftermath of empires: Planning in central and southeastern Europe (pp. 241-257). London-New York: Routledge.
  • Malcolm, N. (1994). Bosnia: A short history. London/New York: New York University Press.
  • Markowitz, F. (2007). Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 49(1), 40-73.
  • Martín-Díaz, J. (2014). Urban restructuring in post-war contexts: The case of Sarajevo. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 63(3), 303–317.
  • Napredak. (1997). Dokumenti 1992-1996: Srušene i oštećene crkve nadbiskupije vrhbosanske (Vrhbosna başpiskoposluğunun yıkık ve hasarlı kiliseleri). Sarajevo.
  • Perry, V. (2019). Frozen, stalled, stuck, or just muddling through: The post-Dayton frozen conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Asia Europe Journal, (17), 107-127.
  • Pilav, A. (2012). Before the war, war, after the war: Urban imageries for urban resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 3(1), 23-37.
  • Pilav, A. (2017, 13 Nisan). Building Again. [Blog yazısı]. Erişim adresi: https://blog.architectuul.com/post/159514312657/building-again
  • Prstojević, M. (1994). Sarajevo: Rajeni grad. Ljubljana/Slovenia: Ideja.
  • Ristic, M. (2018). Architecture, urban space and war: The destruction and reconstruction of Sarajevo: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sarajevo Canton. (1999). The Sarajevo Canton reconstruction and development strategy. Sarajevo: Sarajevo Canton.
  • Shaw, M. (2004). New wars of the city: Relationships of “urbicide” and “genocide”. In S. Graham (Ed.), Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics (pp. 141–153). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Škoro, M. (2002). Greetings from Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Graphic Car.
  • Spasojević, B. (1999). Architektura stambenih palata Austrougarskog perioda u Sarajevu. Sarajevo: Rabić.
  • Sýkora, L. (1994). Local urban restructuring as a mirror of globalisation processes: Prague in the 1990s. Urban Studies, 31(7), 1149–1166.
  • Toal, G., ve Dahlman, C. T. (2011). Bosnia remade: Ethnic cleansing and its reversal. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Walasek, H. (2015). Bosnia and the destruction of cultural heritage. London: Routledge. Žujo, V., Mulabegović, F., ve Mulaomerović, S. (2014). Vijećnica Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Studio Urbing.
  • Zagora, N., ve Šamić, D. (2021). Urban rooms of Sarajevo: Transforming urban public spaces using interior design tools. Sarajevo: Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bilal Bilgili 0000-0001-8572-2755

Gülsün Tanyeli 0000-0002-4170-8596

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ocak 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilgili, B., & Tanyeli, G. (2021). Saraybosna’da Değişimin İzini Sürmek: Saraybosna’nın Tarihsel Gelişimi ve 1992-95 Savaşı Sonrası İyileşme Sürecinin Değerlendirilmesi. İDEALKENT, 12(34), 1722-1756. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.959015