Araştırma Makalesi
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Afrika'da Rusya: Dış Politika, Aktörler ve Angajmanlar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 46, 635 - 656, 30.12.2023

Fuat Emir Şefkatli Oğuz Giray

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1313311

Öz

Makalede Rusya’nın Afrika’daki dış politika araçları incelenmekte, kıta ülkeleri üzerindeki etki ve nüfuz alanı analiz edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda Rusya’nın Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) döneminin bıraktığı dış politika mirasını sahip olduğu müdahale araçlarıyla eşgüdümlü olarak kullandığı ve kıtadaki angajmanlarını kademeli bir biçimde artırdığı işlenmektedir. Soğuk Savaş dönemi içinde sınırları dışındaki Komünist parti ve hareketlere liderlik etmeye yönelik stratejinin terk edilmesi, Rusya’nın devlet çıkarlarına öncelik verdiği ve buna paralel olarak Afrika politikasını yeniden dizayn ettiği bir döneme zemin hazırlamıştır. Makalenin amacı, Ukrayna savaşıyla birlikte ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel anlamda farklı bir önem yüklediği kıta ülkeleriyle etkileşimini artıran Rusya’nın yumuşak ve sert güç unsurlarını bir arada toplayan hibrit müdahale yaklaşımını incelemektir. Bu doğrultuda seçimlere müdahale, medya ve iletişim çalışmaları, ticari ilişkiler, dezenformasyon faaliyetleri ve örtülü paramiliter oluşumları bir arada toplayan hibrit modelin temelde Pan-Afrikacılık, batı karşıtlığı ve ekonomik yayılmacılığı merkeze aldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Çalışmada literatür incelemesi yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Ukrayna Savaşının yarattığı ekonomik, siyasi ve güvenlik temelli sonuçlarının Rusya’nın kıtaya yönelik eğilim ve politikalarına etkilerini incelemesi bakımdan çalışma, mevcut literatürden ayrışmakta ve Afrika’daki Rusya algısına ilişkin kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya Afrika Dış Politika aktörler

Kaynakça

  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (1997). https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/ doctrine/blueprint.html, erişim 21.03.2023.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (2000). https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_ policy/official_documents/asset_publisher/cptickb6bz29/content/id/589768/, erişim 24.03.2023.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (2009). https://www.prlib.ru/en/ node/353849, erişim 26.03.2023.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (2015). https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/ fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/Internacional/2016/Russian-National-Security- Strategy-31Dec2015.pdf, erişim 10.01.2023.
  • ABDUJABAROVA Marhabo (2018). “SSCB Sonrası Moskova Penceresinden Rusya- Afrika İlişkileri”, Ahmet Kavas ve Muhammed Tandoğan (ed.), Uluslararası Siyasetin Odağındaki Kıta Afrika, Alelmas Yayınları, İstanbul, 470-482.
  • BAYRAM Mürsel ve DEVECİOĞLU Kaan (2021). “Piye’den Hamduk’a Sudan Diplomasisi”, Mürsel Bayram (ed.), Mağrib Diplomasisi: Kuzey Afrika Devletleri’nin Dış İlişkiler Tarihi, Jeopolitik Doğu Kütüphanesi, İstanbul, 65-110.
  • DEVECİOĞLU Kaan (2022). “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Afrika’ya Etkileri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 13:120, 70-73.
  • DEVECİOĞLU Kaan (2022). “Uluslararası Sistem Bağlamında Ukrayna İşgalinin Afrika’ya Olası Etkileri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 13:112, 35-39.
  • DUGIN Aleksandr (1997). The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Arktogeja, Russia.
  • HERD Graeme (2022). Understanding Russian Strategic Behavior: Imperial Strategic Culture and Putin’s Operational Code, Routledge, London, UK.
  • KAVAS Ahmet (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı: Afrika’nın Kararsızlığı, AFAM, İstanbul.
  • OĞULTÜRK Mehmet Cem (2017). “Russia’s Renewed Interests in the Horn of Africa As a Traditional and Rising Power”, Rising Powers Quarterly, 2:1, 121-143.
  • ÖZTÜRK Mustafa (2016). “Moskova Penceresinden Sovyetler Birliği’nin Afrika Politikası (1945-1991)”, Tarihin Peşinde Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15:1, 279-300.
  • RAMANI Samuel (2023). Russia in Afria: Resurgent Great Power or Bellicose Pretender, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • TAMÇELİK Soyalp (2015). “Rusya’nın Afrika Politikası”, Hasret Çomak, Caner Sancaktar ve Hüriye Yıldırım Çınar (ed), Afrika Politikası: 21. Yüzyılda Güvenlik, Refah ve Demokrasi Arayışı, BETA Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ZENGİN Alperen Kürşad ve TOPSAKAL İlyas (2022). “Büyük Stratejilerde Örüntü: Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinde Akıllı Uyum ve Esnek Rekabet”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 18:42, 387-410.
  • DEVECİOĞLU Kaan, Fuat Emir Şefkatli, “Kuzey Afrika’dan Sahel’e Yayılan Güvensizlik ve Fransa’nın Sorgulanan Varlığı”, ORSAM, 2021, https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/kuzey-afrikadan-sahele-yayilan-guvensizlik-ve-fransanin-sorgulanan-varligi/, erişim 26.04.2023.
  • GBADAMOSI Nosmot, “Can African Oil anf Gas Replace Russia’s?”, Foreign Policy, 16 March 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/16/ukraine-russia-war-africa-oil-lng/ erişim 18.02.2023.
  • GBADAMOSI Nosmot, “How the Russia-Ukraine War Impacts Africans?”, Foreign Policy, 2 March 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/02/russia-ukraine-war-african-students-border-crisis/, erişim 16.03.2023.
  • HELLEM Fredrik, “How is Russia is Hijacking Pan-Africanism to Drive France out of Africa”, Grey Dynamics, April 2021, https://greydynamics.com/how-russia-is-hijacking-pan-africanism-to-drive-france-out-of-africa/, erişim 27.12.2022.
  • IYORAH Festus, “Can African Gas Replace Russian Supplies to Europe?”, Al Jazeera, Mart 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/3/1/analysis-can-african-gas-replace-russian-supplies-to-europe, erişim 13.04.2023.
  • KLYSZCZ Ivan, “Messianic multipolarity: Russia’s resurrected Africa doctrine”, Iddle, April 2023, https://ridl.io/messianic-multipolarity-russia-s-resurrected-africa-doctrine/, erişim 06.05.2023.
  • KOSSOV Igor, “Army of Hired Guns: How Russia’s ‘PMCs’ Are Becoming The Main Invasion Force”, The Kyıv Independent, 4 May 2023, https://kyivindependent.com/army-of-hired-guns-how-russias-pmcs-are-becoming-the-main-invasion-force/, erişim 25.06.2023.
  • MALDONADO Matt, “Russia’s Hardest Working Oligarch Takes Talents to Africa”, Ponars Eurasia, 28 September 2020, https://www.ponarseurasia.org/russia-s-hardest-working-oligarch-takes-talents-to-africa/ erişim 21.02.2023.
  • ONYAGO Seth, “Ukraine Crisis: Could Africa become Europe’s next gas station?”, How We Made it in Africa, 3 March 2022, https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/ukraine-crisis-could-africa-become-europes-next-gas-station/140820/#:~:text=Experts%20expect%20Europe%20to%20ramp,supplies%20disruption%20in%20the%20future., erişim 19.05.2023.
  • PAQUETTE Danielle, “Russian Mercenaries have landed in West Africa, pushing Putin’s goals as Kremlin is increasingly isolated”, Washington Post, Mart 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/09/mali-russia-wagner/, erişim 12.04.2023.
  • RAMACHANDRAN Vijaya, “Germany Should Look to Africa for Gas, Not Russia”, Foreign Policy, 11 March 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/11/germany-putin-russia-gas-energy-africa-development/, erişim 26.02.2023.
  • RAMANI Samuel, “As Fighting in Sudan Rages, Russia’s Primary Goal is to Ensure Authoritarian Rule”, Middle East Institute, 3 May 2023
  • REYNOLDS Nathaniel, Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/07/08/putin-s-not-so-secret-mercenaries-patronage-geopolitics-and-wagner-group-pub-79442 erişim 23.03.2023.
  • SIEGLE Joseph, “Strategic Implications for Africa from Russia’s Invasion in Ukraine”, Africa Center For Strategic Studies, 9 March 2022, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/strategic-implications-for-africa-from-russias-invasion-in-ukraine/ erişim 17.02.2023.
  • SHUBIN Vladimir, “Russia’s Policy Towards Africa”, ISPI, No.168, 2013, https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/russias-policy-towards-africa-7775, erişim 11.01.2023.
  • STANYARD Julia, VIRCOULON Thierry ve RADEMEYER Julian, “The Grey Zone: Russia’s Military, Mercenary and Criminal Engagement in Africa”, Global Initiative, February 2023, https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/russia-in-africa/, erişim 19.03.2023.
  • TELCİ İsmail Numan, “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Afrika’ya Yansımaları”, ORSAM, 14 Mart 2022, https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/rusya-ukrayna-savasinin-afrikaya-yansimalari/, erişim 25.04.2023.
  • TOPSAKAL İlyas ve ZENGİN Alperen Kürşad (2022). “Ukrayna-Rusya Hattında Askeri Tırmanmadan Savaşa”, Kriter Dergi, 6:66, https://kriterdergi.com/ukrayna-rusya-hattinda-askeri-tirmanmadan-savasa, erişim 10.03.2022.
  • VERNES Sarah, “Libya: Why the Russia-Ukraine war threatens the fragile balance of power”, Africa Report, 8 March 2022, https://www.theafricareport.com/182203/libya-why-the-russia-ukraine-war-threatens-the-fragile-balance-of-power/, erişim 19.04.2023.
  • WALSH Declan ve ELIGON John, “Shunned by Others, Russia Finds Friends in Africa”, The New York Times, March 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/world/africa/russia-ukraine-eritrea-africa.html erişim 03.01.2023.
  • “Billinoaire Konstantin Malofeev turns his attentions to Africa”, https://www.africaintelligence.com/west-africa/2020/05/28/billionaire-konstantin-malofeev-turns-his-attentions-to-africa,108407457-art#:~:text=After%20getting%20involved%20in%20the,fight%20the%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic., erişim 21.05.2023
  • “Master and Chef: How Russia Interfered in Elections in Twenty Countries”, https://www.proekt.media/en/article-en/russia-african-elections/, erişim 06.07.2023.
  • “Nigeria Petroleum Minister: No Time To Be Bullish on Oil”, Bloomberg, 23 Şubat 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-02-23/nigeria-petroleum-minister-no-time-to-be-bullish-on-oil-video, erişim 22.01.2023.
  • “Russia’s Wagner Group withdraws fighters in Libya to fight in Ukraine”, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220326-russias-wagner-group-withdraws-fighters-in-libya-to-fight-in-ukraine/, erişim 17.04.2023.
  • “Russia-Africa: Blocked in Europe, ‘Russia Today’ is eyeing West Africa”, https://www.theafricareport.com/185115/russia-africa-blocked-in-europe-russia-today-is-eyeing-west-africa/, erişim 22.04.2023.
  • “Sanctioned Putin Ally Seeks to Lure 2.5 billion dollar to Africa”, https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/sanctioned-putin-ally-seeks-to-lure-2-5-billion-to-africa-1.1336882, erişim 11.04.2023.
  • “Why Russia wins some sympathy in Africa and the Middle East”, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/03/12/why-russia-wins-some-sympathy-in-africa-and-the-middle-east?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAvoqsBhB9EiwA9XTWGc7OBp0pC3ekYR2juxDb9D8keN-gtyiOT_B_xy55NUhTs5mSPOEdSxoC0GkQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds, erişim 10.06.2023.
  • “Yevgeny Prigozhin: The Hotdog Seller Who Rose to the Top of Putin’s War Machine”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/24/yevgeny-prigozhin-the-hotdog-seller-who-rose-to-the-top-of-putin-war-machine-wagner-group, erişim 10.05.2023.

Russia in Africa: Foreign Policy, Actors and Engagements

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 46, 635 - 656, 30.12.2023

Fuat Emir Şefkatli Oğuz Giray

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1313311

Öz

The article examines Russia’s foreign policy tools in Africa and analyses the Russian sphere of influence on the continental countries. In this context, it is discussed that Russia has exploited the foreign policy legacy left by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in coordination with its intervention tools and has gradually increased its engagements in the continent. The abandonment of the Cold War strategy of leading the Communist parties and movements outside its borders paved the way for a period in which Russia prioritized state interests and redesigned its African policy accordingly. The article aims to analyse the hybrid intervention approach that brings together the soft and hard power elements of Russia increasing its interaction with the African countries to which it has given a different economic, political, and cultural importance due to the Ukraine war. In this direction, it is claimed that the hybrid model, which encompasses election interference, media and communication studies, trade relations, disinformation activities, and covert paramilitary formations, basically centres on Pan-Africanism, anti-Western approach, and economic expansionism. The study uses the literature review method. In terms of examining the effects of the economic, political, and security-based consequences of the Ukraine War on Russia’s tendencies and policies towards Africa, the study differs from the existing literature and provides a comprehensive framework for the perception of Russia in Africa.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia Africa foreign policy actors hybrid intervention

Kaynakça

  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (1997). https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/ doctrine/blueprint.html, erişim 21.03.2023.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (2000). https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_ policy/official_documents/asset_publisher/cptickb6bz29/content/id/589768/, erişim 24.03.2023.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (2009). https://www.prlib.ru/en/ node/353849, erişim 26.03.2023.
  • Rusya Federasyonu Ulusal Güvenlik Konsepti (2015). https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/ fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/Internacional/2016/Russian-National-Security- Strategy-31Dec2015.pdf, erişim 10.01.2023.
  • ABDUJABAROVA Marhabo (2018). “SSCB Sonrası Moskova Penceresinden Rusya- Afrika İlişkileri”, Ahmet Kavas ve Muhammed Tandoğan (ed.), Uluslararası Siyasetin Odağındaki Kıta Afrika, Alelmas Yayınları, İstanbul, 470-482.
  • BAYRAM Mürsel ve DEVECİOĞLU Kaan (2021). “Piye’den Hamduk’a Sudan Diplomasisi”, Mürsel Bayram (ed.), Mağrib Diplomasisi: Kuzey Afrika Devletleri’nin Dış İlişkiler Tarihi, Jeopolitik Doğu Kütüphanesi, İstanbul, 65-110.
  • DEVECİOĞLU Kaan (2022). “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Afrika’ya Etkileri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 13:120, 70-73.
  • DEVECİOĞLU Kaan (2022). “Uluslararası Sistem Bağlamında Ukrayna İşgalinin Afrika’ya Olası Etkileri”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 13:112, 35-39.
  • DUGIN Aleksandr (1997). The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Arktogeja, Russia.
  • HERD Graeme (2022). Understanding Russian Strategic Behavior: Imperial Strategic Culture and Putin’s Operational Code, Routledge, London, UK.
  • KAVAS Ahmet (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı: Afrika’nın Kararsızlığı, AFAM, İstanbul.
  • OĞULTÜRK Mehmet Cem (2017). “Russia’s Renewed Interests in the Horn of Africa As a Traditional and Rising Power”, Rising Powers Quarterly, 2:1, 121-143.
  • ÖZTÜRK Mustafa (2016). “Moskova Penceresinden Sovyetler Birliği’nin Afrika Politikası (1945-1991)”, Tarihin Peşinde Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15:1, 279-300.
  • RAMANI Samuel (2023). Russia in Afria: Resurgent Great Power or Bellicose Pretender, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • TAMÇELİK Soyalp (2015). “Rusya’nın Afrika Politikası”, Hasret Çomak, Caner Sancaktar ve Hüriye Yıldırım Çınar (ed), Afrika Politikası: 21. Yüzyılda Güvenlik, Refah ve Demokrasi Arayışı, BETA Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ZENGİN Alperen Kürşad ve TOPSAKAL İlyas (2022). “Büyük Stratejilerde Örüntü: Türkiye-Rusya İlişkilerinde Akıllı Uyum ve Esnek Rekabet”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 18:42, 387-410.
  • DEVECİOĞLU Kaan, Fuat Emir Şefkatli, “Kuzey Afrika’dan Sahel’e Yayılan Güvensizlik ve Fransa’nın Sorgulanan Varlığı”, ORSAM, 2021, https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/kuzey-afrikadan-sahele-yayilan-guvensizlik-ve-fransanin-sorgulanan-varligi/, erişim 26.04.2023.
  • GBADAMOSI Nosmot, “Can African Oil anf Gas Replace Russia’s?”, Foreign Policy, 16 March 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/16/ukraine-russia-war-africa-oil-lng/ erişim 18.02.2023.
  • GBADAMOSI Nosmot, “How the Russia-Ukraine War Impacts Africans?”, Foreign Policy, 2 March 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/02/russia-ukraine-war-african-students-border-crisis/, erişim 16.03.2023.
  • HELLEM Fredrik, “How is Russia is Hijacking Pan-Africanism to Drive France out of Africa”, Grey Dynamics, April 2021, https://greydynamics.com/how-russia-is-hijacking-pan-africanism-to-drive-france-out-of-africa/, erişim 27.12.2022.
  • IYORAH Festus, “Can African Gas Replace Russian Supplies to Europe?”, Al Jazeera, Mart 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/3/1/analysis-can-african-gas-replace-russian-supplies-to-europe, erişim 13.04.2023.
  • KLYSZCZ Ivan, “Messianic multipolarity: Russia’s resurrected Africa doctrine”, Iddle, April 2023, https://ridl.io/messianic-multipolarity-russia-s-resurrected-africa-doctrine/, erişim 06.05.2023.
  • KOSSOV Igor, “Army of Hired Guns: How Russia’s ‘PMCs’ Are Becoming The Main Invasion Force”, The Kyıv Independent, 4 May 2023, https://kyivindependent.com/army-of-hired-guns-how-russias-pmcs-are-becoming-the-main-invasion-force/, erişim 25.06.2023.
  • MALDONADO Matt, “Russia’s Hardest Working Oligarch Takes Talents to Africa”, Ponars Eurasia, 28 September 2020, https://www.ponarseurasia.org/russia-s-hardest-working-oligarch-takes-talents-to-africa/ erişim 21.02.2023.
  • ONYAGO Seth, “Ukraine Crisis: Could Africa become Europe’s next gas station?”, How We Made it in Africa, 3 March 2022, https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/ukraine-crisis-could-africa-become-europes-next-gas-station/140820/#:~:text=Experts%20expect%20Europe%20to%20ramp,supplies%20disruption%20in%20the%20future., erişim 19.05.2023.
  • PAQUETTE Danielle, “Russian Mercenaries have landed in West Africa, pushing Putin’s goals as Kremlin is increasingly isolated”, Washington Post, Mart 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/09/mali-russia-wagner/, erişim 12.04.2023.
  • RAMACHANDRAN Vijaya, “Germany Should Look to Africa for Gas, Not Russia”, Foreign Policy, 11 March 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/11/germany-putin-russia-gas-energy-africa-development/, erişim 26.02.2023.
  • RAMANI Samuel, “As Fighting in Sudan Rages, Russia’s Primary Goal is to Ensure Authoritarian Rule”, Middle East Institute, 3 May 2023
  • REYNOLDS Nathaniel, Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/07/08/putin-s-not-so-secret-mercenaries-patronage-geopolitics-and-wagner-group-pub-79442 erişim 23.03.2023.
  • SIEGLE Joseph, “Strategic Implications for Africa from Russia’s Invasion in Ukraine”, Africa Center For Strategic Studies, 9 March 2022, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/strategic-implications-for-africa-from-russias-invasion-in-ukraine/ erişim 17.02.2023.
  • SHUBIN Vladimir, “Russia’s Policy Towards Africa”, ISPI, No.168, 2013, https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/russias-policy-towards-africa-7775, erişim 11.01.2023.
  • STANYARD Julia, VIRCOULON Thierry ve RADEMEYER Julian, “The Grey Zone: Russia’s Military, Mercenary and Criminal Engagement in Africa”, Global Initiative, February 2023, https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/russia-in-africa/, erişim 19.03.2023.
  • TELCİ İsmail Numan, “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Afrika’ya Yansımaları”, ORSAM, 14 Mart 2022, https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/rusya-ukrayna-savasinin-afrikaya-yansimalari/, erişim 25.04.2023.
  • TOPSAKAL İlyas ve ZENGİN Alperen Kürşad (2022). “Ukrayna-Rusya Hattında Askeri Tırmanmadan Savaşa”, Kriter Dergi, 6:66, https://kriterdergi.com/ukrayna-rusya-hattinda-askeri-tirmanmadan-savasa, erişim 10.03.2022.
  • VERNES Sarah, “Libya: Why the Russia-Ukraine war threatens the fragile balance of power”, Africa Report, 8 March 2022, https://www.theafricareport.com/182203/libya-why-the-russia-ukraine-war-threatens-the-fragile-balance-of-power/, erişim 19.04.2023.
  • WALSH Declan ve ELIGON John, “Shunned by Others, Russia Finds Friends in Africa”, The New York Times, March 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/world/africa/russia-ukraine-eritrea-africa.html erişim 03.01.2023.
  • “Billinoaire Konstantin Malofeev turns his attentions to Africa”, https://www.africaintelligence.com/west-africa/2020/05/28/billionaire-konstantin-malofeev-turns-his-attentions-to-africa,108407457-art#:~:text=After%20getting%20involved%20in%20the,fight%20the%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic., erişim 21.05.2023
  • “Master and Chef: How Russia Interfered in Elections in Twenty Countries”, https://www.proekt.media/en/article-en/russia-african-elections/, erişim 06.07.2023.
  • “Nigeria Petroleum Minister: No Time To Be Bullish on Oil”, Bloomberg, 23 Şubat 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-02-23/nigeria-petroleum-minister-no-time-to-be-bullish-on-oil-video, erişim 22.01.2023.
  • “Russia’s Wagner Group withdraws fighters in Libya to fight in Ukraine”, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220326-russias-wagner-group-withdraws-fighters-in-libya-to-fight-in-ukraine/, erişim 17.04.2023.
  • “Russia-Africa: Blocked in Europe, ‘Russia Today’ is eyeing West Africa”, https://www.theafricareport.com/185115/russia-africa-blocked-in-europe-russia-today-is-eyeing-west-africa/, erişim 22.04.2023.
  • “Sanctioned Putin Ally Seeks to Lure 2.5 billion dollar to Africa”, https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/sanctioned-putin-ally-seeks-to-lure-2-5-billion-to-africa-1.1336882, erişim 11.04.2023.
  • “Why Russia wins some sympathy in Africa and the Middle East”, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/03/12/why-russia-wins-some-sympathy-in-africa-and-the-middle-east?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAvoqsBhB9EiwA9XTWGc7OBp0pC3ekYR2juxDb9D8keN-gtyiOT_B_xy55NUhTs5mSPOEdSxoC0GkQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds, erişim 10.06.2023.
  • “Yevgeny Prigozhin: The Hotdog Seller Who Rose to the Top of Putin’s War Machine”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/24/yevgeny-prigozhin-the-hotdog-seller-who-rose-to-the-top-of-putin-war-machine-wagner-group, erişim 10.05.2023.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fuat Emir Şefkatli 0000-0002-2111-1194

Oğuz Giray 0000-0002-0304-1516

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şefkatli, Fuat Emir, ve Oğuz Giray. “Afrika’da Rusya: Dış Politika, Aktörler Ve Angajmanlar”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 19, sy. 46 (Aralık 2023): 635-56. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1313311.
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