Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 39, 563 - 601, 27.09.2021
Öz
Gayrinizami harp tecrübesi anlamında ABD silahlı kuvvetlerinin kazanımları 18.yüzyıla kadar uzanmaktadır. Ancak dönemsel olarak Vietnam Savaşı gibi travmatik olaylar bu tür kıymetli tecrübelerin göz ardı edilmesine ve uzunca bir süre gayrinizami harbe temkinli bir şekilde yaklaşılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada tarihsel süreçte ABD için en trajik tecrübelerin başında gelen 11 Eylül Saldırıları sonrası ABD Ordusunun gayrinizami harp doktrininin nasıl şekillendiği ve güncel stratejik düşüncede ne anlam ifade ettiği ortaya konulmaktadır. Resmî belgeler, askerî talimnameler ve literatürde yaşanan tartışmalar ışığında ABD’nin değişen güvenlik konsepti içerisinde, gayrinizami harbin ne derece önemli bir unsur olduğunu anlamak, çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışmanın yöntemi nitel doküman incelemesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, konvansiyonel orduların politik hedeflere ulaşmak için gayrinizami yaklaşımlara yoğunlaştıkları ve konvansiyonel olanla gayrinizami olan arasındaki farkın giderek muğlaklaştığı bir dönemin yaşandığı ileri sürülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gayrinizami Harp Konvansiyonel Harp Güvenlik Yaklaşımları ABD Hibrit Savaş
Kaynakça
- BERMAN, E., J.H. Felter, J.N. Shapiro, and V. McIntyre. Small Wars, Big Data: The Information Revolution in Modern Conflict. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
- BELL, Collen. The Police Power in Counterinsurgency: Discretion, Patrolling and Evidence In War, Police and Assemblages of Intervention, edited by Jan Bachmann, Colleen Bell and Caroline Holmqvist, 17-35, Routledge, New York, 2015.
- CLINE, Lawrence E. Coindinistas Versus Whack-a-Mole: The Debate on Coin Approaches. In The Future of Counterinsurgency, edited by Lawrence E. Cline and Paul Shemella, 141-62, Praeger, California, 2015.
- COCKBURN, Patrick. Chaos & Caliphate.: QR Books, New York and London, 2016.
- COOLEY, John K. Alliance against Babylon: The Us, Israel and Iraq. Pluto Press, London, 2005.
- FOWLER, Christopher E. Forgeting Lessons Learned: The United States Army’s Inability to Embrace Irregular Warfare. Air Command and Staff College, Air University, Alabama, 2014.
- GIUSTOZZI, Antonio. Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop : The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan. Hurst & Company, London, 2007.
- KILCULLEN, David. Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla. Oxford University Press, New York, 2013.
- KREPINEVICH, Andrew F. The Military-Technical Revolution: A Preliminary Assessment. Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2002.
- MANSOOR, Peter R. Introduction: Hybrid Warfare in History. In Hybrid Warfare: Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present, edited by Williamson Murray and Peter R. Mansoor, 1-17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- MCCHRYSTAL, Stanley A. My Share of the Task : A Memoir. Portfolio/Penguin, New York, 2013.
- METZ, Steven, and MILLEN, Raymond. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the 21st Century: Reconceptualizing Threat and Response. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, 2004.
- MIGDAL, Joel S. Shifting Sands: The United States in the Middle East. Columbia University Press, New York, 2014.
- MOCKAITIS, Thomas R. Trends in American Counterinsurgency. In The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency, edited by Paul B. Rich and Isabelle Duyvestey, 251-62, Routledge, New York, 2012.
- OWENS, Patricia. Economy of Force : Counterinsurgency and the Historical Rise of the Social. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
- RASHID, Ahmed. Descent into Chaos: The U.S. And the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Penguin Group, US, 2008.
- RICKS, Thomas E. The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006-2008. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
- RYNNING, Sten. Nato in Afghanistan : The Liberal Disconnect. Stanford Security Studies, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2012.
- SEMPLE, Michael. Rhetoric, Ideology, and Organizational Structure of the Taliban Movement. United States Institute of Peace (Washington, D. C.: 2014).
- TARZI, Amin. The Neo-Taliban. In The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan, edited by Robert D. Crews and Amin Tarzi, 274-310. Harvard Univerity Press, USA, 2008.
- UCKO, David H. The New Counterinsurgency Era: Transforming the U.S. Military for Modern Wars. Georgetown University Press, Georgetown, 2009.
- WEST, Bing. No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah. Bantam Books, New York, 2005.
- JABAR, Faleh A. In Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East, edited by Faleh A. Jabar and H. Dawod, Saqi, London, 2003.
- ÖZDEMİR, Emrah. Post-Conflict Statebuilding as a Counterinsurgency Strategy: A Critical Analysis of Afghanistan, Swansea: Swanse University College of Art and Humanities, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2016.
- BELL, Colleen. Civilianising Warfare: Ways of War and Peace in Modern Counterinsurgency. J Int Relat Dev 14, no. 3, 2011.
- BIDDLE, Stephen, Jeffrey A. Friedman, and Jacob N. Shapiro. Testing the Surge: Why Did Violence Decline in Iraq in 2007?. International Security 37, no. 1, 2012.
- BRAHIMI, Alia. The Taliban’s Evolving Ideology. LSE Global Governance, London, 2010.
- FARRELL, Theo, and Antonio Giustozzi. The Taliban at War: Inside the Helmand Insurgency, 2004–2012. International Affairs 89, no. 4, 2013.
- KAGAN, Frederick W. Choosing Victory A Plan for Success in Iraq, American Enterprise Institute, 2007.
- KILCULLEN, David. The Evolution of Unconventional Warfare. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies 2, no. 1, 2019, p. 61–71.
- RICHARDS, David Julian. Commander’s Foreword. ISAF Mirror, no. 30, July 2006.
- RICKS, Thomas E. The Coindinistas. Foreign Policy, no. 176, 2009.
- SEWALL, Sarah. Crafting a New Counterinsurgency Doctrine. Foreign Service Journal, 2007.
- UCKO, David H. Critics Gone Wild: Counterinsurgency as the Root of All Evil. Small Wars & Insurgencies 25, no. 1, 01.02.2014.
- COONS, Kenneth C. Jr., and HARNED, Glenn M. Irregular Warfare Is Warfare. Features, no. 52, 2009.
- FM 3-24. Counterinsurgency. Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Army, 2006.
- ———. Insurgencies and Countering Insurgencies. Washington DC: Headquarters Department of the Army, 2014.
- JP3-05. Special Operations. U.S.A.: DoD, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2014.
- ———. Special Operations. U.S.A.: DoD, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2011.
- ———. Special Operations: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1998.
- Irregular Warfare (Iw) Joint Operating Concept (Joc). USA Department of Defense, 2007.
- Office of Strategic Services. Operational Group Command. Washington D.C.: OSS Presentation, 1944.
- PETRAEUS, David H., and James F. Amos. Foreword of Fm 3-24 Counterinsurgency. Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 2006.
- SOPKO, John F. Why ANSF Numbers Matter: Inaccurate and Unreliable Data, and Limited Oversight of On-Budget Assistance Put Millions of U.S. Taxpayer Dollars at Risk, (Virginia: SIGAR, Apr 29, 2015).
- The White House. Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense: Department of Defense, 2012.
- U.S. Department of Defense. Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Edited by Department of Defense. Washington D.C.: Department of Defense, 2006.
- ATKINSON, Rick. Night of a Thousand Casualties. Washington Post, 1994. https://wapo.st/3m337sH/. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2020).
- BEAUMONT, Peter. Stanley Mcchrystal: The President’s Stealth Fighter. The Guardian, 26.09. 2009. http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2009/sep/27/stanley-mcchrystal-commander-us-forces. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2020).
- DIZARD, Wilson. Who will win a ‘hybrid war’ between the US and Iran?, TRTWorld İnternet Sayfası, 2020, https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-will-win-a-hybrid-war-between-the-us-and-iran-32817. Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2020).
- EVANS, Ryan. Coin Is Dead, Long Live the Coin. Foreign Policy (2020). https://foreign policy.com/2011/12/16/coin-is-dead-long-live-the-coin/. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2020).
- KREPINEVICH, Andrew F. How to Win in Iraq. Foreign Affairs 85, No.5, no. September/October 2005. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61024/andrew-f-krepinevich-jr/how-to-win-in-iraq. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2020).
- MCCARTHY, Rory. Amnesty Details Killing of Civilians by British Soldiers. The Guardian, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/11/military.iraq. (Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2020).
- NAGL, John A. Isaf Campaign Plan Summary. Small Wars Journal. November 19, 2008. http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/isaf-campaign-plan-summary. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2020).
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 39, 563 - 601, 27.09.2021
Öz
The experience of the US armed forces in terms of irregular warfare goes back to the 18th century. However, periodically, traumatic events such as the Vietnam War led to such valuable experiences to be ignored and to approach irregular war with caution. In this study, how the US Army’s irregular war doctrine was shaped after the September 11 attacks and what it means in current strategic thinking is presented. Understanding the importance of irregular warfare in the changing security concept of the USA in the light of official documents, military manuals and discussions in the literature constitutes the main purpose of the study. In this sense, the method of the study was determined as qualitative document analysis. At the end of the study, it is argued that a period, in which conventional armies focus on irregular approaches to achieve political goals, and the difference between the conventional and the irregular is blurred, is experienced.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Irregular Warfare Conventional Warfare Security Approaches USA Hyrid Warfare
Kaynakça
- BERMAN, E., J.H. Felter, J.N. Shapiro, and V. McIntyre. Small Wars, Big Data: The Information Revolution in Modern Conflict. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
- BELL, Collen. The Police Power in Counterinsurgency: Discretion, Patrolling and Evidence In War, Police and Assemblages of Intervention, edited by Jan Bachmann, Colleen Bell and Caroline Holmqvist, 17-35, Routledge, New York, 2015.
- CLINE, Lawrence E. Coindinistas Versus Whack-a-Mole: The Debate on Coin Approaches. In The Future of Counterinsurgency, edited by Lawrence E. Cline and Paul Shemella, 141-62, Praeger, California, 2015.
- COCKBURN, Patrick. Chaos & Caliphate.: QR Books, New York and London, 2016.
- COOLEY, John K. Alliance against Babylon: The Us, Israel and Iraq. Pluto Press, London, 2005.
- FOWLER, Christopher E. Forgeting Lessons Learned: The United States Army’s Inability to Embrace Irregular Warfare. Air Command and Staff College, Air University, Alabama, 2014.
- GIUSTOZZI, Antonio. Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop : The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan. Hurst & Company, London, 2007.
- KILCULLEN, David. Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla. Oxford University Press, New York, 2013.
- KREPINEVICH, Andrew F. The Military-Technical Revolution: A Preliminary Assessment. Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2002.
- MANSOOR, Peter R. Introduction: Hybrid Warfare in History. In Hybrid Warfare: Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present, edited by Williamson Murray and Peter R. Mansoor, 1-17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- MCCHRYSTAL, Stanley A. My Share of the Task : A Memoir. Portfolio/Penguin, New York, 2013.
- METZ, Steven, and MILLEN, Raymond. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the 21st Century: Reconceptualizing Threat and Response. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, 2004.
- MIGDAL, Joel S. Shifting Sands: The United States in the Middle East. Columbia University Press, New York, 2014.
- MOCKAITIS, Thomas R. Trends in American Counterinsurgency. In The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency, edited by Paul B. Rich and Isabelle Duyvestey, 251-62, Routledge, New York, 2012.
- OWENS, Patricia. Economy of Force : Counterinsurgency and the Historical Rise of the Social. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
- RASHID, Ahmed. Descent into Chaos: The U.S. And the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Penguin Group, US, 2008.
- RICKS, Thomas E. The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006-2008. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
- RYNNING, Sten. Nato in Afghanistan : The Liberal Disconnect. Stanford Security Studies, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2012.
- SEMPLE, Michael. Rhetoric, Ideology, and Organizational Structure of the Taliban Movement. United States Institute of Peace (Washington, D. C.: 2014).
- TARZI, Amin. The Neo-Taliban. In The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan, edited by Robert D. Crews and Amin Tarzi, 274-310. Harvard Univerity Press, USA, 2008.
- UCKO, David H. The New Counterinsurgency Era: Transforming the U.S. Military for Modern Wars. Georgetown University Press, Georgetown, 2009.
- WEST, Bing. No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah. Bantam Books, New York, 2005.
- JABAR, Faleh A. In Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East, edited by Faleh A. Jabar and H. Dawod, Saqi, London, 2003.
- ÖZDEMİR, Emrah. Post-Conflict Statebuilding as a Counterinsurgency Strategy: A Critical Analysis of Afghanistan, Swansea: Swanse University College of Art and Humanities, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2016.
- BELL, Colleen. Civilianising Warfare: Ways of War and Peace in Modern Counterinsurgency. J Int Relat Dev 14, no. 3, 2011.
- BIDDLE, Stephen, Jeffrey A. Friedman, and Jacob N. Shapiro. Testing the Surge: Why Did Violence Decline in Iraq in 2007?. International Security 37, no. 1, 2012.
- BRAHIMI, Alia. The Taliban’s Evolving Ideology. LSE Global Governance, London, 2010.
- FARRELL, Theo, and Antonio Giustozzi. The Taliban at War: Inside the Helmand Insurgency, 2004–2012. International Affairs 89, no. 4, 2013.
- KAGAN, Frederick W. Choosing Victory A Plan for Success in Iraq, American Enterprise Institute, 2007.
- KILCULLEN, David. The Evolution of Unconventional Warfare. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies 2, no. 1, 2019, p. 61–71.
- RICHARDS, David Julian. Commander’s Foreword. ISAF Mirror, no. 30, July 2006.
- RICKS, Thomas E. The Coindinistas. Foreign Policy, no. 176, 2009.
- SEWALL, Sarah. Crafting a New Counterinsurgency Doctrine. Foreign Service Journal, 2007.
- UCKO, David H. Critics Gone Wild: Counterinsurgency as the Root of All Evil. Small Wars & Insurgencies 25, no. 1, 01.02.2014.
- COONS, Kenneth C. Jr., and HARNED, Glenn M. Irregular Warfare Is Warfare. Features, no. 52, 2009.
- FM 3-24. Counterinsurgency. Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Army, 2006.
- ———. Insurgencies and Countering Insurgencies. Washington DC: Headquarters Department of the Army, 2014.
- JP3-05. Special Operations. U.S.A.: DoD, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2014.
- ———. Special Operations. U.S.A.: DoD, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2011.
- ———. Special Operations: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1998.
- Irregular Warfare (Iw) Joint Operating Concept (Joc). USA Department of Defense, 2007.
- Office of Strategic Services. Operational Group Command. Washington D.C.: OSS Presentation, 1944.
- PETRAEUS, David H., and James F. Amos. Foreword of Fm 3-24 Counterinsurgency. Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 2006.
- SOPKO, John F. Why ANSF Numbers Matter: Inaccurate and Unreliable Data, and Limited Oversight of On-Budget Assistance Put Millions of U.S. Taxpayer Dollars at Risk, (Virginia: SIGAR, Apr 29, 2015).
- The White House. Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense: Department of Defense, 2012.
- U.S. Department of Defense. Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Edited by Department of Defense. Washington D.C.: Department of Defense, 2006.
- ATKINSON, Rick. Night of a Thousand Casualties. Washington Post, 1994. https://wapo.st/3m337sH/. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2020).
- BEAUMONT, Peter. Stanley Mcchrystal: The President’s Stealth Fighter. The Guardian, 26.09. 2009. http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2009/sep/27/stanley-mcchrystal-commander-us-forces. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2020).
- DIZARD, Wilson. Who will win a ‘hybrid war’ between the US and Iran?, TRTWorld İnternet Sayfası, 2020, https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-will-win-a-hybrid-war-between-the-us-and-iran-32817. Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2020).
- EVANS, Ryan. Coin Is Dead, Long Live the Coin. Foreign Policy (2020). https://foreign policy.com/2011/12/16/coin-is-dead-long-live-the-coin/. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2020).
- KREPINEVICH, Andrew F. How to Win in Iraq. Foreign Affairs 85, No.5, no. September/October 2005. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61024/andrew-f-krepinevich-jr/how-to-win-in-iraq. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2020).
- MCCARTHY, Rory. Amnesty Details Killing of Civilians by British Soldiers. The Guardian, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/11/military.iraq. (Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2020).
- NAGL, John A. Isaf Campaign Plan Summary. Small Wars Journal. November 19, 2008. http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/isaf-campaign-plan-summary. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2020).
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Eylül 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 20 Kasım 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 39 |
