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Benlik Farklılıkları ve Psikolojik Sıkıntılar Arasındaki İlişkide Savunma Biçimlerinin Rolü

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 138 - 162, 31.01.2024

Selva Ülbe Tülin Gençöz

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1371551

Öz

Benlik farklılıkları teorisine göre, gerçek, ideal ve zaruri benlikleri arasındaki tutarsızlıklar, insanları psikolojik sıkıntılar yaşamaya karşı savunmasız hale getirmektedir. Psikanalitik bakış açısına göre ise, arzu edilen benlik durumundan uzak olmak, ego bütünlüğünün korunmasına yönelik bir tehdit oluşturması nedeniyle depresif semptomlar ve kaygı dahil olmak üzere çeşitli psikolojik sıkıntının deneyimlenmesiyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ego bütünlüğünü korumak ve bu rahatsız edici psikolojik durumlarla başa çıkabilmek için farklı savunma tarzlarına başvurulmaktadır. Bu noktada, savunma biçimlerinin ( nevrotik ve immatür), benlik farklılıkları ( zaruri ve istenmeyen benlik farklılıkları) ve yaşanan psikolojik sıkıntılar (depresyon ve kaygı) arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayan önemli aracı faktörler olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle, çalışmanın amacı, benlik farklılıkları ile psikolojik sıkıntı arasındaki ilişkide savunma biçimlerinin aracılık etkisini incelemektir. Veriler, yaşları 18 ile 64 arasında değişen, 361’i kadın olmak üzere 565 katılımcıdan toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar Bütünleşik Benlik Farklılıkları Endeksi, Savunma Biçimleri Testi, Beck Depresyon Envanteri ve Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri Süreklilik formunu doldurmuşlardır. Sonuçları analiz etmek için Hayes Process Macro yöntemi kullanılarak altı ayrı aracılık analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, tüm benlik farklılıkları ile psikolojik sıkıntı arasındaki ilişkiye hem olgun hem de immatür savunmaların aracılık ettiğini göstermiştir. Öte yandan, nevrotik savunmaların bu ilişkilerde aracı bir rol oynamadığı bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

benlik farklılıkları savunma biçimleri depresyon kaygı

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, ilk yazar tarafından ikinci yazarın tez danışmanlığında Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Klinik Psikoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı altında hazırlanan yüksek lisans tezinin bir bölümünden üretilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrews, G., Singh, M. ve Bond, M. (1993). The defense style questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006
  • Bailey, R. ve Pico, J. (2023). Defense mechanisms. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/
  • Barnett, M. D., Moore, J. M. ve Harp, A. R. (2017). Who we are and how we feel: Self-discrepancy theory and specific affective states. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.024
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression (1. Basım). Guildford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer R. A. ve Garbin M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
  • Calati, R., Oasi, O., De Ronchi, D. ve Serretti, A. (2010). The use of the defence style questionnaire in major depressive and panic disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X464206
  • Carvalho, A. F., Hyphantis, T. N., Taunay, T. C., Macedo, D. S., Floros, G. D., Ottoni, G. L., Fountoulakis, K. N. ve Lara, D. R. (2013). The relationship between affective temperamnets, defensive styles and depressive symptoms in a large sample. Journal of Affective Disordes, 146(1), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.038
  • Colovic, O., Lecic Tosevski, D., Perunicic Mladenovic, I., Milosavljevic, M. ve Munjiza, A. (2016). Defense Mechanisms in "Pure" Anxiety and "Pure" Depressive Disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(10), 746-751. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000559
  • Cramer, P. (2015). Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(4), 523-552. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.4.523
  • da Silva Machado, R., Vieira, I. S., Scaini, C., Molina, M. L., Barbosa, L. P., da Silva, G. D. G., ... ve da Silva, R. A. (2023). Ego-defense mechanisms and brief psychotherapies for the management of major depressive disorder in adults: A longitudinal and quasi-experimental study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 330, 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.141
  • Freud, S. (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. İçinde J. Strachey (Ed. ve Çev.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV, (ss. 73–102). Hogarth Press. (1914).
  • Freud, A. (1968). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Pscyho-Analysis. (1937)
  • Gabbard, G. O. (2004). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a basic text (1. Basım). American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Gürcan, D. (2015). Perceived parental relationship, self-discrepancy, and personality characteristics in relation to psychological well-being [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Gürcan-Yıldırım, D. ve Gençöz, T. (2022). The association of self-discrepancy with depression and anxiety: Moderator roles of emotion regulation and resilience. Current Psychology, 41, 1821-1834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00701-8
  • Hardin, E. E. ve Lakin, J. L. (2009). The integrated self-discrepancy index: A reliable and valid measure of self-discrepancies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(3), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902794291
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (1. Basım). Guilford Press.
  • Heppen, J. B. ve Ogilvie, D. M. (2003). Predicting affect from global self-discrepancies: The dual role of the undesired self. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 347-368. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.4.347.22898
  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-Discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
  • Higgins, E. T. (1989). Continuities and discontinuities in self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes: A developmental theory relating self and affect. Journal of Personality, 57(2), 407- 444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00488.x
  • Higgins, E. T., Klein, R. ve Strauman, T. (1985). Self-concept discrepancy theory: A psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Social Cognition, 3(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1985.3.1.51
  • Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Evanteri’nin geçerliliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(22), 118-126.
  • Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenilirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13.
  • Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth; the struggle toward self-realization (1. Basım). W. W. Norton.
  • James, W. (1950). The Principles of Psychology (2. Basım). Dover.
  • Joffe, W. G. ve Sandler, J. (1968). Comments on the psychoanalytic psychology of adaptation, with special reference to the role of affects and the representational world. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 49(2), 445-454.
  • Johns, A. ve Peters, L. (2012). Self-discrepancies and the stituational domains of social phobia. Behaviour Change, 29(2), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.1
  • Khademi, M., Hajiahmadi, M. ve Faramarzi, M. (2019). The role of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in improving attachment patterns, defense styles, and alexithymia in patients with depressive/anxiety disorders. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 41, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0144
  • Liw, L. ve Han, S. Y. (2022). Coping as a moderator of self-discrepancies and psychological distress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 35(2), 284-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1760208
  • Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E. ve Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the number of response categories on the reliability and validity of rating scales. Methodology, 4(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73
  • Mason, T. B., Smith, K. E., Engwall, A., Lass, A., Mead, M., Sorby, M., Bjorlie, K., Strauman, T. J. ve Wonderlich, S. (2019). Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: A meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000186
  • McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process (2. Basım). Guilford Press.
  • Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number of seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158
  • Ogilvie, D. M. (1987). The undesired self: A neglected variable in personality research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.379
  • Olson, T. R., Presniak, M. D. ve MacGregor, M. W. (2009). Differentiation of Depression and Anxiety Groups Using Defense Mechanisms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(11), 834-840. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181beab34
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluluk süreklilik kaygı envanteri el kitabı (2. Basım). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Reich, A. (1954). Early identificaitons as archaic elements in the superego. Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, 2, 218-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200203
  • Rogers, C. R. (1995). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy (2. Basım). Mariner Books.
  • Schlechter, P., Hellmann, J.H. ve Morina, N (2022). Self-discrepancy, Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Affective Style and Self-efficacy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 46, 1075–1086, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10314-z
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. ve Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for state-trait anxiety inventory (1. Basım). Consulting Pschologists Press.
  • Strauman, T. J. ve Higgins, E. T. (1988). Self-discrepancies as predictors of vulnerability to distinct syndromes of chronic emotional distress. Journal of Personality, 56(4), 685-707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00472.x
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S., (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. Basım). Pearson Education.
  • Tegin, B. (1980). Depresyonda bilişsel bozukluklar: Beck modeline göre bir inceleme [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Thomson, W. (2016). Depression, neuroticism and discrepancy between actual and ideal self-perception. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2015.09.003
  • Ülbe, S. (2016). Self-concept discrepancy and psychological well-being: Perceived parental relationship, defense mechanism, and self-conscious emotions [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2017a,11-14 Temmuz). The Mediator Roles of Self-Conscious Emotions between Real-Ideal Self-Discrepancy and Depression Relationship [Konferans sunumu]. 15th European Congress of Psychology, Amsterdam, Hollanda.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2017b, 13-16 Eylül). Gender and Age Differences on Different Types of Self-Discrepancies [Konferans sunumu]. 47th Annual Congress of the European Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Ljubljana, Slovenya.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2018a, 27-30 Haziran). Influence of Perceived Parental Relationship and Self-Discrepancies on Self-Conscious Emotions [Konferans sunumu]. 9th European Conference on Positive Psychology, Budapeşte, Macaristan.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2018b, 10-13 Temmuz). Parental Relationship, Self Discrepancies, and Self Conscious Emotions in relation to Severity of Trait Anxiety [Konferans sunumu]. 39th Conference Stress, Anxiety, and Resilience, Lublin, Polonya.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1971). Theoretical Hierarchy of Adaptive Ego Mechanisms: A 30-Year Follow-up of 30 Men Selected for Psychological Health. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750080011003
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1977). Adaptation to life (1. Basım). Harvard University Press.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1994). Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.103.1.44
  • Vaillant, G. E. (2011). Involuntary coping mechanisms: A psychodynamic perspective. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 13(3), 366-370. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/gvaillant
  • Waqas, A., Rehman, A., Malik, A., Muhammad, U., Khan, S. ve Mahmood, N. (2015). Association of ego defense mechanisms with academic performance, anxiety and depression in medical students: a mixed methods study. Cureus, 7(9), e337. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.337
  • Watson, N., Bryan, B. C. ve Thrash, T. M. (2014). Change in self-discrepancy, anxiety, and depression in individual therapy. Psychotherapy, 51(4), 525-534. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035242
  • Yılmaz, N., Gençöz, T. ve Ak, M. (2007). Savunma biçimleri testinin psikometrik özellikleri: Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 244-253.

The Role of Defense Styles in the Relationship Between Self-Discrepancies and Psychological Distresses

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 138 - 162, 31.01.2024

Selva Ülbe Tülin Gençöz

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1371551

Öz

According to self-discrepancy theory, differences between people's actual, ideal, and ought selves make them vulnerable to psychological distress. From a psychoanalytic perspective, being away from the desired state of self poses a threat to the maintenance of ego integrity, and thus has been associated with the experience of a variety of psychological problems including depressive symptoms and anxiety. To maintain ego integrity and cope with these uncomfortable psychological states, people resort to different defense styles. At this point, defense styles i.e., mature, neurotic, and immature) are thought to be important mediators in explaining the relationship between self discrepancies i.e., ideal, ought, and undesirable) and psychological distress i.e., depression and anxiety). Therefore, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of defense styles on the relationship between self-discrepancies and psychological distress. Data were collected from 565 participants, 361 of whom were women, aged between 18 and 64 years. The participants completed the Integrated Self discrepancy Index, Defense Style Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Trait form of Trait State Anxiety Inventory. To test the proposed hypothesis, six separate mediation analyses were conducted using the Hayes Process Macro method. The results revealed that both mature and immature defenses mediated the association between all self-discrepancies and psychological distress. On the other hand, neurotic defenses did not have any mediation role between self discrepancies and psychological distress relationships.

Anahtar Kelimeler

self-discrepancy defense styles depression anxiety

Kaynakça

  • Andrews, G., Singh, M. ve Bond, M. (1993). The defense style questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006
  • Bailey, R. ve Pico, J. (2023). Defense mechanisms. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/
  • Barnett, M. D., Moore, J. M. ve Harp, A. R. (2017). Who we are and how we feel: Self-discrepancy theory and specific affective states. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.024
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression (1. Basım). Guildford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer R. A. ve Garbin M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
  • Calati, R., Oasi, O., De Ronchi, D. ve Serretti, A. (2010). The use of the defence style questionnaire in major depressive and panic disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X464206
  • Carvalho, A. F., Hyphantis, T. N., Taunay, T. C., Macedo, D. S., Floros, G. D., Ottoni, G. L., Fountoulakis, K. N. ve Lara, D. R. (2013). The relationship between affective temperamnets, defensive styles and depressive symptoms in a large sample. Journal of Affective Disordes, 146(1), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.038
  • Colovic, O., Lecic Tosevski, D., Perunicic Mladenovic, I., Milosavljevic, M. ve Munjiza, A. (2016). Defense Mechanisms in "Pure" Anxiety and "Pure" Depressive Disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(10), 746-751. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000559
  • Cramer, P. (2015). Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(4), 523-552. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.4.523
  • da Silva Machado, R., Vieira, I. S., Scaini, C., Molina, M. L., Barbosa, L. P., da Silva, G. D. G., ... ve da Silva, R. A. (2023). Ego-defense mechanisms and brief psychotherapies for the management of major depressive disorder in adults: A longitudinal and quasi-experimental study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 330, 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.141
  • Freud, S. (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. İçinde J. Strachey (Ed. ve Çev.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV, (ss. 73–102). Hogarth Press. (1914).
  • Freud, A. (1968). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Pscyho-Analysis. (1937)
  • Gabbard, G. O. (2004). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a basic text (1. Basım). American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Gürcan, D. (2015). Perceived parental relationship, self-discrepancy, and personality characteristics in relation to psychological well-being [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Gürcan-Yıldırım, D. ve Gençöz, T. (2022). The association of self-discrepancy with depression and anxiety: Moderator roles of emotion regulation and resilience. Current Psychology, 41, 1821-1834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00701-8
  • Hardin, E. E. ve Lakin, J. L. (2009). The integrated self-discrepancy index: A reliable and valid measure of self-discrepancies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(3), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902794291
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (1. Basım). Guilford Press.
  • Heppen, J. B. ve Ogilvie, D. M. (2003). Predicting affect from global self-discrepancies: The dual role of the undesired self. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 347-368. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.4.347.22898
  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-Discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
  • Higgins, E. T. (1989). Continuities and discontinuities in self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes: A developmental theory relating self and affect. Journal of Personality, 57(2), 407- 444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00488.x
  • Higgins, E. T., Klein, R. ve Strauman, T. (1985). Self-concept discrepancy theory: A psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Social Cognition, 3(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1985.3.1.51
  • Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Evanteri’nin geçerliliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(22), 118-126.
  • Hisli, N. (1989). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenilirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13.
  • Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth; the struggle toward self-realization (1. Basım). W. W. Norton.
  • James, W. (1950). The Principles of Psychology (2. Basım). Dover.
  • Joffe, W. G. ve Sandler, J. (1968). Comments on the psychoanalytic psychology of adaptation, with special reference to the role of affects and the representational world. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 49(2), 445-454.
  • Johns, A. ve Peters, L. (2012). Self-discrepancies and the stituational domains of social phobia. Behaviour Change, 29(2), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.1
  • Khademi, M., Hajiahmadi, M. ve Faramarzi, M. (2019). The role of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in improving attachment patterns, defense styles, and alexithymia in patients with depressive/anxiety disorders. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 41, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0144
  • Liw, L. ve Han, S. Y. (2022). Coping as a moderator of self-discrepancies and psychological distress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 35(2), 284-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1760208
  • Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E. ve Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the number of response categories on the reliability and validity of rating scales. Methodology, 4(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73
  • Mason, T. B., Smith, K. E., Engwall, A., Lass, A., Mead, M., Sorby, M., Bjorlie, K., Strauman, T. J. ve Wonderlich, S. (2019). Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: A meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000186
  • McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process (2. Basım). Guilford Press.
  • Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number of seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158
  • Ogilvie, D. M. (1987). The undesired self: A neglected variable in personality research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.379
  • Olson, T. R., Presniak, M. D. ve MacGregor, M. W. (2009). Differentiation of Depression and Anxiety Groups Using Defense Mechanisms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(11), 834-840. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181beab34
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluluk süreklilik kaygı envanteri el kitabı (2. Basım). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Reich, A. (1954). Early identificaitons as archaic elements in the superego. Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, 2, 218-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200203
  • Rogers, C. R. (1995). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy (2. Basım). Mariner Books.
  • Schlechter, P., Hellmann, J.H. ve Morina, N (2022). Self-discrepancy, Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Affective Style and Self-efficacy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 46, 1075–1086, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10314-z
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. ve Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for state-trait anxiety inventory (1. Basım). Consulting Pschologists Press.
  • Strauman, T. J. ve Higgins, E. T. (1988). Self-discrepancies as predictors of vulnerability to distinct syndromes of chronic emotional distress. Journal of Personality, 56(4), 685-707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00472.x
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S., (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. Basım). Pearson Education.
  • Tegin, B. (1980). Depresyonda bilişsel bozukluklar: Beck modeline göre bir inceleme [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Thomson, W. (2016). Depression, neuroticism and discrepancy between actual and ideal self-perception. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2015.09.003
  • Ülbe, S. (2016). Self-concept discrepancy and psychological well-being: Perceived parental relationship, defense mechanism, and self-conscious emotions [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2017a,11-14 Temmuz). The Mediator Roles of Self-Conscious Emotions between Real-Ideal Self-Discrepancy and Depression Relationship [Konferans sunumu]. 15th European Congress of Psychology, Amsterdam, Hollanda.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2017b, 13-16 Eylül). Gender and Age Differences on Different Types of Self-Discrepancies [Konferans sunumu]. 47th Annual Congress of the European Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Ljubljana, Slovenya.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2018a, 27-30 Haziran). Influence of Perceived Parental Relationship and Self-Discrepancies on Self-Conscious Emotions [Konferans sunumu]. 9th European Conference on Positive Psychology, Budapeşte, Macaristan.
  • Ülbe, S. ve Gençöz, T. (2018b, 10-13 Temmuz). Parental Relationship, Self Discrepancies, and Self Conscious Emotions in relation to Severity of Trait Anxiety [Konferans sunumu]. 39th Conference Stress, Anxiety, and Resilience, Lublin, Polonya.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1971). Theoretical Hierarchy of Adaptive Ego Mechanisms: A 30-Year Follow-up of 30 Men Selected for Psychological Health. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750080011003
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1977). Adaptation to life (1. Basım). Harvard University Press.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1994). Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.103.1.44
  • Vaillant, G. E. (2011). Involuntary coping mechanisms: A psychodynamic perspective. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 13(3), 366-370. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/gvaillant
  • Waqas, A., Rehman, A., Malik, A., Muhammad, U., Khan, S. ve Mahmood, N. (2015). Association of ego defense mechanisms with academic performance, anxiety and depression in medical students: a mixed methods study. Cureus, 7(9), e337. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.337
  • Watson, N., Bryan, B. C. ve Thrash, T. M. (2014). Change in self-discrepancy, anxiety, and depression in individual therapy. Psychotherapy, 51(4), 525-534. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035242
  • Yılmaz, N., Gençöz, T. ve Ak, M. (2007). Savunma biçimleri testinin psikometrik özellikleri: Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 244-253.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Selva Ülbe 0000-0001-6004-0002

Tülin Gençöz 0000-0002-2827-7461

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ülbe, S., & Gençöz, T. (2024). Benlik Farklılıkları ve Psikolojik Sıkıntılar Arasındaki İlişkide Savunma Biçimlerinin Rolü. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(1), 138-162. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1371551
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