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The Effects of Self-Esteem and Online Privacy Concern on Generations’ Attitudes Towards Instagram

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 43, 134 - 160, 30.12.2023

Müge Bekman Eyüp Al

https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1303174

Öz

This article examines the interplay of generational differences, self-esteem, and online privacy concerns and how these factors shape attitudes towards Instagram. The data collected from 482 respondents have been investigated for mediation analysis based on the least squares method. Ordinary least square and regression models are used together as the method of the article. It has been determined that generation directly affects attitudes. Y generation individuals have more positive attributes towards Instagram than generation X. Similarly, generation Z has more positive Instagram attributes than generation X. The interactions between predictors are also significant. As self-esteem decreases from generation X to Y, their positive attitudes tend to increase. This is also true for the Z compared to the X. The effect of social generation difference has also been discovered for online identity-Instagram privacy concern. This effect has been detected between the “X to Z” and “Y to Z” generations. Compared to the X, the Z generation has fewer online identity-Instagram privacy concern. Therefore, while social generation differences have a direct and significant effect on the attitude towards Instagram, self-esteem and privacy concerns also play important roles as mediating variables. In the article, the “Online Privacy Concern Scale” has been revised as the “Online Identity-Instagram Privacy Concern Scale”, and the “Social Media Addiction Scale Adult Form” has been revised as the “Scale of Attitude towards Instagram”, based on validity and reliability tests.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Generation Attitudes Towards Instagram Self-Esteem Online Identity-Instagram Privacy Concern Social Media

Kaynakça

  • Abrar-ul-Hassan, S., & Safdar, G. (2022). Relationship between Self-esteem and Problematic Use of Facebook among University Students. Annals of Social Sciences and Perspective, 3(1), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.52700/assap.v3i1.83
  • Adıgüzel, O., Batur, H. Z., & Ekşili, N. (2014). Kuşakların Değişen Yüzü ve Y Kuşağı ile Ortaya Çıkan Yeni Çalışma Tarzı: Mobil Yakalılar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(19).
  • Alakurt, T. (2017). Çevrimiçi Mahremiyet Kaygısı Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Pegem Egitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 7(4), 611–636. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2017.022
  • Akçay Bekiroğlu, H. & Hülür, A. B. (2016). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Facebook Kullanımı ve Dijital Şizofreni Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(14), 146-175.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pallesen, S., Bilder, R. M., Torsheim, T., & Aboujaoude, E. (2015). The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374
  • Ansons, T. L., Wan, F., & Leboe, J. P. (2010). The influence of immersion on product placement effectiveness: A synthesis and review of product placement in traditional and digital media. In Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Advertising: User Generated Content Consumption. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-792-8.ch005
  • Ardiç, E., & Altun, A. (2017). Dijital Çağın Öğreneni. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilgilerde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi.
  • Aydın, B., & Sarı, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of self-esteem. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.325
  • Baek, Y. M., Kim, E. M., & Bae, Y. (2014). My privacy is okay, but theirs is endangered: Why comparative optimism matters in online privacy concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.010
  • Balcı, Ş., Bekiroğlu, O., & Karaman, S. Y. (2019). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Bir Belirleyicisi Olarak Öz Saygı: Konya Örneğinde Bir Araştırma. Self-Esteem as a Predictor of Social Media Addiction: A Case Study in Konya., 17(48).
  • Baybek, H., & Yavuz, S. (2005). Muğla Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Benlik Saygılarının İncelenmesi. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14.
  • Bergström, A. (2015). Online privacy concerns: A broad approach to understanding the concerns of different groups for different uses. Computers in Human Behavior, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.025
  • Blank, G., Bolsover, G., & Dubois, E. (2018). A New Privacy Paradox: Young People and Privacy on Social Network Sites. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2479938
  • Boyd, D. (2007). Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life. MIT Press.
  • Buchanan, T., Paine, C., Joinson, A. N., & Reips, U. D. (2007). Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20459
  • Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2022). A meta-analysis on the association between self-esteem and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107302
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  • Chen, H. (2010). Advertising And Generational Identity: A Theoretical Model.
  • Chen, W., & Lee, K. H. (2013). Sharing, liking, commenting, and distressed? the pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0272
  • Ciarrochi, J., & Bilich, L. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Measures package - Process measures of potential relevance to ACT. October, 31(5).
  • Cingel, D. P., Carter, M. C., & Krause, H. V. (2022). Social media and self-esteem. In Current Opinion in Psychology (Vol. 45). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101304
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı.
  • Dinkha, J., Mitchell, C., Zogheib, B., & Abdulhadi, A. (2022). The Online Looking Glass: The Study of Self Esteem and Narcissism on Instagram within a Patriarchal and Collectivist Society. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-3-4
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  • Feng, Y., & Xie, W. (2014). Teens’ concern for privacy when using social networking sites: An analysis of socialization agents and relationships with privacy-protecting behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.009
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. In Statistics (Vol. 58).
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Benlik Saygısı ve Çevrimiçi Mahremiyet Kaygısının Kuşakların Instagram Tutumları Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 43, 134 - 160, 30.12.2023

Müge Bekman Eyüp Al

https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1303174

Öz

Bu makale, kuşak farkları, özsaygı ve çevrimiçi gizlilik endişelerinin etkileşimini ve bu faktörlerin Instagram'a yönelik tutumları nasıl şekillendirdiğini incelemektedir. 482 katılımcıdan toplanan veriler, en küçük kareler yöntemine dayalı aracılık analizi ile incelenmiştir. Makalenin yöntemi olarak sıradan en küçük kare ve regresyon modeli birlikte kullanılmıştır. Kuşağın tutumları doğrudan etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Y kuşağı bireyleri, X kuşağına kıyasla Instagram’a karşı daha olumlu niteliklere sahiptir. Benzer şekilde Z kuşağı, X kuşağına kıyasla daha olumlu Instagram özelliklerine sahiptir. Belirleyiciler arasındaki etkileşimler de önemlidir. Benlik saygısı X kuşağından Y kuşağına düştükçe, olumlu tutumları artma eğilimindedir. Bu, X ile karşılaştırıldığında Z için de geçerlidir. Sosyal kuşak farkının etkisi, çevrimiçi kimlik-Instagram mahremiyet kaygısı için de keşfedilmiştir. Bu etki, “X’ten Z’ye” ve “Y’den Z’ye” nesiller arasında tespit edilmiştir. X ile karşılaştırıldığında, Z kuşağı daha az çevrimiçi kimlik-Instagram mahremiyet kaygısına sahiptir. Bu nedenle sosyal kuşak farklılıkları Instagram’a yönelik tutum üzerinde doğrudan ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahipken, benlik saygısı ve mahremiyet kaygıları da aracı değişkenler olarak önemli rol oynamaktadır. Makalede, “Çevrimiçi Mahremiyet Endişesi Ölçeği”, “Çevrimiçi Kimlik-Instagram Mahremiyet Endişesi Ölçeği” olarak revize edilmiş ve “Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Yetişkin Formu”, “Instagram'a Karşı Tutum Ölçeği” olarak, geçerlik ve güvenirlik testleri temelinde revize edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Kuşak Instagram’a Yönelik Tutumlar Benlik Saygısı Çevrimiçi Kimlik-Instagram Mahremiyet Kaygısı Sosyal Medya

Kaynakça

  • Abrar-ul-Hassan, S., & Safdar, G. (2022). Relationship between Self-esteem and Problematic Use of Facebook among University Students. Annals of Social Sciences and Perspective, 3(1), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.52700/assap.v3i1.83
  • Adıgüzel, O., Batur, H. Z., & Ekşili, N. (2014). Kuşakların Değişen Yüzü ve Y Kuşağı ile Ortaya Çıkan Yeni Çalışma Tarzı: Mobil Yakalılar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(19).
  • Alakurt, T. (2017). Çevrimiçi Mahremiyet Kaygısı Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Pegem Egitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 7(4), 611–636. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2017.022
  • Akçay Bekiroğlu, H. & Hülür, A. B. (2016). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Facebook Kullanımı ve Dijital Şizofreni Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(14), 146-175.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pallesen, S., Bilder, R. M., Torsheim, T., & Aboujaoude, E. (2015). The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374
  • Ansons, T. L., Wan, F., & Leboe, J. P. (2010). The influence of immersion on product placement effectiveness: A synthesis and review of product placement in traditional and digital media. In Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Advertising: User Generated Content Consumption. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-792-8.ch005
  • Ardiç, E., & Altun, A. (2017). Dijital Çağın Öğreneni. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilgilerde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi.
  • Aydın, B., & Sarı, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of self-esteem. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.325
  • Baek, Y. M., Kim, E. M., & Bae, Y. (2014). My privacy is okay, but theirs is endangered: Why comparative optimism matters in online privacy concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.010
  • Balcı, Ş., Bekiroğlu, O., & Karaman, S. Y. (2019). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Bir Belirleyicisi Olarak Öz Saygı: Konya Örneğinde Bir Araştırma. Self-Esteem as a Predictor of Social Media Addiction: A Case Study in Konya., 17(48).
  • Baybek, H., & Yavuz, S. (2005). Muğla Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Benlik Saygılarının İncelenmesi. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14.
  • Bergström, A. (2015). Online privacy concerns: A broad approach to understanding the concerns of different groups for different uses. Computers in Human Behavior, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.025
  • Blank, G., Bolsover, G., & Dubois, E. (2018). A New Privacy Paradox: Young People and Privacy on Social Network Sites. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2479938
  • Boyd, D. (2007). Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life. MIT Press.
  • Buchanan, T., Paine, C., Joinson, A. N., & Reips, U. D. (2007). Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20459
  • Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2022). A meta-analysis on the association between self-esteem and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107302
  • Castellano, G. W. (2014). Practices for engaging the 21st century workforce: Challenges of talent management in a changing workplace. Pearson Education.
  • Chen, H. (2010). Advertising And Generational Identity: A Theoretical Model.
  • Chen, W., & Lee, K. H. (2013). Sharing, liking, commenting, and distressed? the pathway between Facebook interaction and psychological distress. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0272
  • Ciarrochi, J., & Bilich, L. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Measures package - Process measures of potential relevance to ACT. October, 31(5).
  • Cingel, D. P., Carter, M. C., & Krause, H. V. (2022). Social media and self-esteem. In Current Opinion in Psychology (Vol. 45). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101304
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı.
  • Dinkha, J., Mitchell, C., Zogheib, B., & Abdulhadi, A. (2022). The Online Looking Glass: The Study of Self Esteem and Narcissism on Instagram within a Patriarchal and Collectivist Society. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-3-4
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  • Feng, Y., & Xie, W. (2014). Teens’ concern for privacy when using social networking sites: An analysis of socialization agents and relationships with privacy-protecting behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.009
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. In Statistics (Vol. 58).
  • Griffiths, M. (1999). Internet addiction: Fact or fiction? The Psychologist, 12(5).
  • Groth, G. G., Longo, L. M., & Martin, J. L. (2017). Social media and college student risk behaviors: A mini-review. In Addictive Behaviors (Vol. 65). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.003
  • Gürbüz, S. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde aracı, düzenleyici ve durumsal etki analizleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis (D. A. Kenny & T. D. Little, Eds.; Second). The Guilford Press.
  • Hill, A., & Denman, L. (2016). Adolescent Self Esteem and Instagram: An Examination of Posting Behavior. Concordia Journal of Communication Research, 3. https://doi.org/10.54416/ntge5234
  • Hoofnagle, C. J., King, J., Li, S., & Turow, J. (2012). How Different are Young Adults from Older Adults When it Comes to Information Privacy Attitudes and Policies? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1589864
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
  • Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R., & Wiley, J. (2010). Millennials’ (lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9171-8
  • Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., & Christakis, N. (2008). The taste for privacy: An analysis of college student privacy settings in an online social network. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01432.x
  • Li, Y., Rho, E. H. R., & Kobsa, A. (2022). Cultural differences in the effects of contextual factors and privacy concerns on users’ privacy decision on social networking sites. Behaviour and Information Technology, 41(3), 655–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1831608
  • Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2018). A comprehensive meta-analysis on Problematic Facebook Use. In Computers in Human Behavior (Vol. 83). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.009
  • Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, D. (2014). Networked privacy: How teenagers negotiate context in social media. New Media and Society, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814543995
  • Mei, S., Yau, Y. H. C., Chai, J., Guo, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Problematic Internet use, well-being, self-esteem and self-control: Data from a high-school survey in China. Addictive Behaviors, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.009
  • Millington, A. (2015, May). Instgram rolls out ‘carousel ads’ in the UK as Ford and TUI get on board. . Marketing Week.
  • Moreno, M. A., Kelleher, E., Ameenuddin, N., & Rastogi, S. (2014). Young adult females’ views regarding online privacy protection at two time points. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(3), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.005
  • Niemz, K., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562
  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low Self-Esteem Prospectively Predicts Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695
  • Øverup, C. S., Brunson, J. A., & Acitelli, L. K. (2015). Presenting Different Selves to Different People: Self-Presentation as a Function of Relationship Type and Contingent Self-Esteem. Journal of General Psychology, 142(4), 213–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2015.1065787
  • Park, Y. J., Campbell, S. W., & Kwak, N. (2012). Affect, cognition and reward: Predictors of privacy protection online. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(3), 1019–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.004
  • Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social Media Effects on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and an Agenda for Research. Sex Roles, 71(11–12), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6
  • Petronio, S., Child, J. T., & Hall, R. D. (2021). Communication Privacy Management Theory: Significance for Interpersonal Communication. In Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication: Multiple Perspectives, 3rd Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003195511-28
  • Quinn, K. (2014). An Ecological Approach to Privacy: “Doing” Online Privacy at Midlife. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 58(4), 562–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2014.966357
  • Şahin, C., & Yağci, M. (2017). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD) Cilt, 18(1).
  • Schewe, C. D., & Meredith, G. (2004). Segmenting global markets by generational cohorts: determining motivations by age. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.157
  • Scott, D. M. (2010). The new rules of marketing and PR : how to use social media, blogs, news releases, online video, & viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Shaw, L. H., & Gant, L. M. (2002). In defense of the internet: The relationship between internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102753770552
  • Statista, (2023). Instagram – Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/1882/instagram/#topicOverview
  • Stieger, S., Burger, C., Bohn, M., & Voracek, M. (2013). Who commits virtual identity suicide? Differences in privacy concerns, internet addiction, and personality between facebook users and quitters. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(9), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0323
  • Taddicken, M. (2014). The “Privacy Paradox” in the Social Web: The Impact of Privacy Concerns, Individual Characteristics, and the Perceived Social Relevance on Different Forms of Self-Disclosure1. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12052
  • Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of Self-Esteem Across the Life Span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.205
  • Tukuş, L. (2010). The Self Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form (Benlik Saygısı Değerlendirme Ölçeği-Kısa Formu). Türkçe Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı. Uzmanlık Tezi.
  • Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Deniz, L. (2020). Sosyal Medya Kuşaklarının Sosyal Medya Kullanım Seviyeleri ve Tercihleri. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.626283
  • Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 321–344. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_3
  • Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047
  • Wang, Y., Dai, Y., Li, H., & Song, L. (2021). Social Media and Attitude Change: Information Booming Promote or Resist Persuasion? Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.596071
  • We Are Social, (2023). The Changing World of Digital in 2023. https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2023/01/the-changing-world-of-digital-in-2023/
  • Weinberg, T. (2009). The New Community Rules: Marketing on theSocial Web. O’Reilly Media.
  • Yılmaz, T. H. (2019). Bipolar Bozukluk Tanısı Almış Hastalarda Yapılandırılmış Sanat Terapi Grubunun Benlik Saygısı Üzerine Etkisi: Kamu Hastane Örneği Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı Psikoloji Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Young, A. L., & Quan-Haase, A. (2013). Privacy Protection Strategies on Facebook: The Internet privacy paradox revisited. Information Communication and Society, 16(4), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.777757
  • Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
  • Zhang, L., Zhao, J., & Xu, K. (2016). Who creates Trends in Online Social Media: The Crowd or Opinion Leaders? Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12145
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Müge Bekman 0000-0002-8400-0993

Eyüp Al 0000-0003-1201-6299

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 43

Kaynak Göster

APA Bekman, M., & Al, E. (2023). The Effects of Self-Esteem and Online Privacy Concern on Generations’ Attitudes Towards Instagram. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(43), 134-160. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1303174
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