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AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN İNSAN HAKLARI POLİTİKASI: DIŞ İLİŞKİLER PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 51 - 67, 30.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.331167

Öz

Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) amacı, insan haklarını iç ve dış politikasında korumak ve yaymaktır. Bu amacı yerine getirmek üzere AB, vatandaşlarının haklarını korumak için çeşitli mekanizmalar geliştirmiştir. Dış ilişkileri bakımından ise Birlik, üçüncü ülkelerle aktedilen ticari ve daha kapsamlı anlaşmalara insan hakları maddeleri koymaktadır. Bunun da ötesinde Birlik, AB’ye katılmak isteyen ülkeleri insan hakları uygulamaları bakımından Avrupalılaştırmak için koşulluluk ilkesini etkili bir araç olarak kullanmaktadır. Bu nedenlerle AB, sivil toplumla güçlü bağlar kurmakta ve üçüncü ülkelerde insan hakları ve demokrasiyi güçlendirme amacını dile getirmektedir. Ancak AB’nin insan hakları rejimi çeşitli yönlerden eleştirilmektedir ve bu eleştiriler mülteci krizi ve son yıllarda Birliğin genişleme ve derinleşmesinde yaşanan kimi sorunlar nedeniyle artmaktadır. Bu arka plana dayanarak bu makalenin amacı, AB’nin insan hakları rejimini incelemek ve bu rejimin mevcut etkilerini Birliğe 1999 yılından beri aday ülke olan Türkiye örneğinde ele almaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Alston, Philip & Weiler J.H.H. (1998), “An ‘Ever Closer Union’ in Need of a Human Rights Policy”, EJIL, 9:658-723.
  • Ataman, Muhittin & Shkurti, Gloria (2016), “Batının Darbe Sicili ve 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimine Tepkisi”, ADAM AKADEMİ, 6/2:51-73.
  • Atikkan, Zeynep (2014), Avrupa Benim, Batı Avrupa’da Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi, Metis Yay., Istanbul.
  • Bicchi, Federica (2006), “Our size fits all: normative power Europe and the Mediterranean”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2: 286-303.
  • Bieber, Florian (2011), “Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western Balkans”, Europe-Asia Studies, 63/10:1783-1802.
  • Brandtner, Barbara & Rosas Allan (1998), “Human Rights and the External Relations of the European Community: An Analysis of Doctrine and Practice”, EJIL 9: 468-490.
  • Carozza, Paolo G. (2003), “Subsidiarity as a Structural Principle of International Human Rights Law”, Scholarly Works, 564:38-79, Retrieved from: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_ faculty_scholarship/564. (13.08.2016)
  • Carrera, Sergio & Guild, Elspeth (2016), EU-Turkey plan for handling refugees is fraught with legal and procedural challenges”, CEPS Commentary, Retrieved from: https://www.ceps.eu/ publications/eu-turkey-plan-handling-refugees-fraught-legal-and-procedural-challenges (25.09.2016).
  • De Búrca, Gráinne (2003), “Beyond the Charter: How Enlargement Has Enlarged the Human Rights Policy of the European Union”, Fordham International Law Journal, 27/ 2:1-38.
  • De Búrca, Gráinne (2011), “The Road Not Taken: The European Union As a Global Human Rights Actor”, The American Journal of International Law, 105/4: 649-693.
  • Freyburg, Tina & Richter, Solveig (2010), “National identity matters: the limited impact of EU political conditionality in the Western Balkans”, Journal of European Public Policy, 17/2: 263-281.
  • Gateva, Eli (2013), “Post-accession conditionality – translating benchmarks into political pressure?”, East European Politics, 29/4: 420-442.
  • Hale, William (2003), “Human Rights, the European Union and the Turkish Accession Process”, Turkish Studies, 4/1:107-126.
  • Häusler, Katharina &Timmer, Alexandra (2015), “Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law in EU External Action: Conceptualization and Practice”, European Yearbook on Human Rights, 231-246.
  • Hillion, Christophe (2013), “Enlarging the European Union and deepening its fundamental rights protection”, SIEPS European Policy Analysis, 11:1-16.
  • İçener, Erhan (2016), “Turkey-EU Relations after the Failed July 15 Coup Attempt”, bilig, Autumn, 79:69-87.
  • Karakas, Cemal (2006), “Gradual Integration: An Attractive Alternative Integration Process for Turkey and the EU”, European Foreign Affairs Review, 11:311-331.
  • Kaya, Taylan Özgür, (2008), “A Coherent and Effective Foreign and Security Policy For the European Union?: The Cases of the Yugoslav Crisis and the Iraq Crisis”, Journal of Yaşar University, 3/12: 1743-1759.
  • Keil, Soeren & Kudlenko, Anastasiia (2015), “Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 Years after Dayton: Complexity Born of Paradoxes”, International Peacekeeping, 22/5: 471-489.
  • King, Toby (1999), “Human Rights in European Foreign Policy: Success or Failure for Post-Modern Diplomacy”, EJIL, 10/2: 313-337.
  • Lerch, Marika & Schwellnus, Guido (2006), “Normative by nature? The role of coherence in justifying the EU’s external human rights policy”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2:304-321.
  • Manners, Ian (2002),“Normative Power Europe : A Contradiction in Terms”, JCMS, 40/2: 235–258.
  • Manners, Ian (2006),“Normative power Europe reconsidered : beyond the crossroads”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2:182-199.
  • Müftüler Bac, Meltem (2005), “Turkey’s Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union”, South European Society & Politics, 10/1: 16–30
  • Noutcheva, Gergana (2009), “Fake, partial and imposed compliance: the limits of the EU’s normative power in the Western Balkans”, Journal of European Public Policy, 16/7:1065- 1084.
  • Öner, Aslı Şirin (2015), “Avrupa Birliği’nin İnsani Yardımları: Suriye Örneği”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23/1: 137- 157.
  • Öniş, Ziya (2003), “Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey- EU Relations in the post-Helsinki Era”, Turkish Studies,4/1:9-34.
  • Rumford, Chris (2001), “Human Rights and Democratization in Turkey in the Context of EU Candidature”, Journal of European Area Studies, 9/1:93-105.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank & Sedelmeier, Ulrich (2004), “Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 11/4: 661-679.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank, Engert, Stefan & Knobel, Heiko (2003), “Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey”, JCMS, 41/3:495-518.
  • Sjursen, Helene (2006), “The EU as a ‘normative power’: how can this be?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2:235-251.
  • Şenyuva, Özgehan & Üstün, Çiğdem (2015), “A New Episode in EU-Turkish Relations: Why So Much Bitterness?”, The German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF), Retrieved from: http://www.gmfus.org/publications/new-episode-eu-turkish-relations-why-so-muchbitterness (25.08.2016).
  • The New York Times, (2016), “European Parliament Votes to Suspend Talks With Turkey on EU Membership”, (By James Kanter) November 24, 2016.
  • Tocci, Nathalie (2005), “Europeanization in Turkey: Trigger or Anchor for Reform?”, South European Society & Politics, 10/1: 73–83.
  • Yılmaz, Gözde (2016), “From Europeanization to De-Europeanization: The Europeanization Process of Turkey in 1999–2014”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24/1: 86-100.
  • Wetzel, Anne & Orbie, Jan (2012), “The EU’s Promotion of External Democracy: In search of the plot”, CEPS Policy Brief, 281:1-6.
  • Wouters, Jan & Hermez, Marta (2016), “EU Guidelines On Human Rights As a Foreign Policy Instrument: An Assessment”, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper, 170:1-20.
  • Commission (of the European Communities) (2004), “2004 Regular Report on Turkey’s progress towards accession”, Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_ documents/2004/rr_tr_2004_en.pdf (14.09.2016).
  • Council of the European Union (2009), “EU Guidelines, Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law”, Retrieved from: http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/docs/ guidelines_en.pdf (14.09.2016).
  • Council of the European Union (2012), “Annex II, EU Strategic Framework on Human Rights and Democracy”, Retrieved from: http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11855- 2012-INIT/en/pdf (30.08.2016).
  • EEAS (2016), “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/ topics/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp_e. (30.08.2016).
  • EUR-Lex (2016a), “Access to European Union Law, Glossary of Summaries”, Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague.html (10.09.2016).
  • EUR-Lex (2016b), “Turkey: the Commission recommends opening accession negotiations”, Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV%3Ae500 15 (10.09.2016).
  • European Commission (2007), “Furthering Human Rights and Democracy Across the Globe”, Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/docs/brochure07_en.pdf (10.09. 2016).
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2016), “Introducing FRA”, Retrieved from: http://fra.europa.eu/en/about-fra/introducing-fra (10.09.2016).
  • European Union External Action (2016) “Human Rights and Democracy”, Retrieved from: https:// eeas.europa.eu/topics/human-rights-democratisation/414/human-rights--democracy_ en (15.06.2016).
  • European Union (2016), “Human Rights”, Retrieved from: https://europa.eu/european-union/ topics/human-rights_en (10.09.2016).
  • European Parliament Briefing, (2016), “Understanding the EU rule of law mechanism”, Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/573922/EPRS_BRI (2016)573922_EN.pdf (10.09.2016).
  • European Parliament (2016), “Human Rights Fact Sheet”, Retrieved from: http://www.europarl. europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_6.4.1.pdf (10.09.2016).
  • European Parliament, (2016), “Joint Motion For a Resolution”, Retrieved from: http:// www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=P8-RC-2016- 1276&language=EN, (30.11.2016).

EUROPEAN UNION’S HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY: AN ANALYSIS FROM EXTERNAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 51 - 67, 30.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.331167

Öz

European Union (EU) aims to protect and promote human rights both in its internal policy and the external relations. Through this objective, the EU constitutes various mechanisms in order to protect its citizens’ rights. Regarding its external relations, the Union enacts human rights clauses in trade and more comprehensive agreements with third countries. Moreover, it uses the conditionality principle as an effective tool to Europeanize the countries in terms of human rights practices that aspire to join the EU. In order to achieve its objective, the EU establishes strong links with civil society and aims to empower the democratic ground for human rights and democracy in third countries. However the EU’s human rights regime is criticized from various aspects and the general discontent has escalated with the current refugee crisis and some deteriorating circumstances of the EU’s widening and deepening in recent years. Against this background, this article aims to elaborate the EU’s human rights regime and examine the current effects of this regime on the basis of Turkey, a candidate country to the EU since 1999.

Kaynakça

  • Alston, Philip & Weiler J.H.H. (1998), “An ‘Ever Closer Union’ in Need of a Human Rights Policy”, EJIL, 9:658-723.
  • Ataman, Muhittin & Shkurti, Gloria (2016), “Batının Darbe Sicili ve 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimine Tepkisi”, ADAM AKADEMİ, 6/2:51-73.
  • Atikkan, Zeynep (2014), Avrupa Benim, Batı Avrupa’da Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi, Metis Yay., Istanbul.
  • Bicchi, Federica (2006), “Our size fits all: normative power Europe and the Mediterranean”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2: 286-303.
  • Bieber, Florian (2011), “Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western Balkans”, Europe-Asia Studies, 63/10:1783-1802.
  • Brandtner, Barbara & Rosas Allan (1998), “Human Rights and the External Relations of the European Community: An Analysis of Doctrine and Practice”, EJIL 9: 468-490.
  • Carozza, Paolo G. (2003), “Subsidiarity as a Structural Principle of International Human Rights Law”, Scholarly Works, 564:38-79, Retrieved from: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_ faculty_scholarship/564. (13.08.2016)
  • Carrera, Sergio & Guild, Elspeth (2016), EU-Turkey plan for handling refugees is fraught with legal and procedural challenges”, CEPS Commentary, Retrieved from: https://www.ceps.eu/ publications/eu-turkey-plan-handling-refugees-fraught-legal-and-procedural-challenges (25.09.2016).
  • De Búrca, Gráinne (2003), “Beyond the Charter: How Enlargement Has Enlarged the Human Rights Policy of the European Union”, Fordham International Law Journal, 27/ 2:1-38.
  • De Búrca, Gráinne (2011), “The Road Not Taken: The European Union As a Global Human Rights Actor”, The American Journal of International Law, 105/4: 649-693.
  • Freyburg, Tina & Richter, Solveig (2010), “National identity matters: the limited impact of EU political conditionality in the Western Balkans”, Journal of European Public Policy, 17/2: 263-281.
  • Gateva, Eli (2013), “Post-accession conditionality – translating benchmarks into political pressure?”, East European Politics, 29/4: 420-442.
  • Hale, William (2003), “Human Rights, the European Union and the Turkish Accession Process”, Turkish Studies, 4/1:107-126.
  • Häusler, Katharina &Timmer, Alexandra (2015), “Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law in EU External Action: Conceptualization and Practice”, European Yearbook on Human Rights, 231-246.
  • Hillion, Christophe (2013), “Enlarging the European Union and deepening its fundamental rights protection”, SIEPS European Policy Analysis, 11:1-16.
  • İçener, Erhan (2016), “Turkey-EU Relations after the Failed July 15 Coup Attempt”, bilig, Autumn, 79:69-87.
  • Karakas, Cemal (2006), “Gradual Integration: An Attractive Alternative Integration Process for Turkey and the EU”, European Foreign Affairs Review, 11:311-331.
  • Kaya, Taylan Özgür, (2008), “A Coherent and Effective Foreign and Security Policy For the European Union?: The Cases of the Yugoslav Crisis and the Iraq Crisis”, Journal of Yaşar University, 3/12: 1743-1759.
  • Keil, Soeren & Kudlenko, Anastasiia (2015), “Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 Years after Dayton: Complexity Born of Paradoxes”, International Peacekeeping, 22/5: 471-489.
  • King, Toby (1999), “Human Rights in European Foreign Policy: Success or Failure for Post-Modern Diplomacy”, EJIL, 10/2: 313-337.
  • Lerch, Marika & Schwellnus, Guido (2006), “Normative by nature? The role of coherence in justifying the EU’s external human rights policy”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2:304-321.
  • Manners, Ian (2002),“Normative Power Europe : A Contradiction in Terms”, JCMS, 40/2: 235–258.
  • Manners, Ian (2006),“Normative power Europe reconsidered : beyond the crossroads”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2:182-199.
  • Müftüler Bac, Meltem (2005), “Turkey’s Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union”, South European Society & Politics, 10/1: 16–30
  • Noutcheva, Gergana (2009), “Fake, partial and imposed compliance: the limits of the EU’s normative power in the Western Balkans”, Journal of European Public Policy, 16/7:1065- 1084.
  • Öner, Aslı Şirin (2015), “Avrupa Birliği’nin İnsani Yardımları: Suriye Örneği”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23/1: 137- 157.
  • Öniş, Ziya (2003), “Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey- EU Relations in the post-Helsinki Era”, Turkish Studies,4/1:9-34.
  • Rumford, Chris (2001), “Human Rights and Democratization in Turkey in the Context of EU Candidature”, Journal of European Area Studies, 9/1:93-105.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank & Sedelmeier, Ulrich (2004), “Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 11/4: 661-679.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank, Engert, Stefan & Knobel, Heiko (2003), “Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey”, JCMS, 41/3:495-518.
  • Sjursen, Helene (2006), “The EU as a ‘normative power’: how can this be?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 13/2:235-251.
  • Şenyuva, Özgehan & Üstün, Çiğdem (2015), “A New Episode in EU-Turkish Relations: Why So Much Bitterness?”, The German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF), Retrieved from: http://www.gmfus.org/publications/new-episode-eu-turkish-relations-why-so-muchbitterness (25.08.2016).
  • The New York Times, (2016), “European Parliament Votes to Suspend Talks With Turkey on EU Membership”, (By James Kanter) November 24, 2016.
  • Tocci, Nathalie (2005), “Europeanization in Turkey: Trigger or Anchor for Reform?”, South European Society & Politics, 10/1: 73–83.
  • Yılmaz, Gözde (2016), “From Europeanization to De-Europeanization: The Europeanization Process of Turkey in 1999–2014”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24/1: 86-100.
  • Wetzel, Anne & Orbie, Jan (2012), “The EU’s Promotion of External Democracy: In search of the plot”, CEPS Policy Brief, 281:1-6.
  • Wouters, Jan & Hermez, Marta (2016), “EU Guidelines On Human Rights As a Foreign Policy Instrument: An Assessment”, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper, 170:1-20.
  • Commission (of the European Communities) (2004), “2004 Regular Report on Turkey’s progress towards accession”, Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_ documents/2004/rr_tr_2004_en.pdf (14.09.2016).
  • Council of the European Union (2009), “EU Guidelines, Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law”, Retrieved from: http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/docs/ guidelines_en.pdf (14.09.2016).
  • Council of the European Union (2012), “Annex II, EU Strategic Framework on Human Rights and Democracy”, Retrieved from: http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11855- 2012-INIT/en/pdf (30.08.2016).
  • EEAS (2016), “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/ topics/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp_e. (30.08.2016).
  • EUR-Lex (2016a), “Access to European Union Law, Glossary of Summaries”, Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague.html (10.09.2016).
  • EUR-Lex (2016b), “Turkey: the Commission recommends opening accession negotiations”, Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV%3Ae500 15 (10.09.2016).
  • European Commission (2007), “Furthering Human Rights and Democracy Across the Globe”, Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/docs/brochure07_en.pdf (10.09. 2016).
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2016), “Introducing FRA”, Retrieved from: http://fra.europa.eu/en/about-fra/introducing-fra (10.09.2016).
  • European Union External Action (2016) “Human Rights and Democracy”, Retrieved from: https:// eeas.europa.eu/topics/human-rights-democratisation/414/human-rights--democracy_ en (15.06.2016).
  • European Union (2016), “Human Rights”, Retrieved from: https://europa.eu/european-union/ topics/human-rights_en (10.09.2016).
  • European Parliament Briefing, (2016), “Understanding the EU rule of law mechanism”, Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/573922/EPRS_BRI (2016)573922_EN.pdf (10.09.2016).
  • European Parliament (2016), “Human Rights Fact Sheet”, Retrieved from: http://www.europarl. europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_6.4.1.pdf (10.09.2016).
  • European Parliament, (2016), “Joint Motion For a Resolution”, Retrieved from: http:// www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=P8-RC-2016- 1276&language=EN, (30.11.2016).
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hatice Yazgan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yazgan, H. (2017). EUROPEAN UNION’S HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY: AN ANALYSIS FROM EXTERNAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.331167

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