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BREXIT’İN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN GENİŞLEME POLİTİKASI VE AVRUPA KOMŞULUK POLİTİKASI’NA ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 , 267 - 289, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.979238

Öz

Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) Genişleme Politikası ve Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Birliğin etkili dış politika araçlarıdır ve mevcut durumda kimi zaman AB’nin derinleşme sorunları yanında, ekonomik krizin etkileri, göç, terörizm ve günümüzde gözardı edilemeyen bir unsur olan kamuoyunun etkisiyle eleştiriye uğramaktadır. Bu durumda Brexit, söz konusu politikaları etkileyen yeni bir faktör olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hükümetlerarası niteliği haiz AB dış politikasının Ekim 2019 tarihinde gerçekleşen Zirvede, genişleme politikası ile ilgili kararlarda da görüldüğü üzere Fransa-Almanya ekseninde belirlenecek olması Brexit ile daha belirgin hale gelmiştir. Brexit etkisi ile ortaya çıkabilecek sonuçlar ve kamuoyunun özellikle genişleme politikasına olumsuz bakışı, bu politika kapsamındaki ülkelerin zaten kırılgan olan siyasi ve ekonomik yapısının etkilenmesine neden olabilir. Ancak, Brexit sonrasında da AB’nin geleceği ve farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon tartışmalarının AB genişleme ve komşuluk politikasını belirlemeye devam edeceğini söylemek mümkündür.

Kaynakça

  • Biscop, Sven,“All or nothing? The EU Global Strategy and defence policy after the Brexit”, Contemporary Security Policy, 37, no 3 (2016): 431-445.
  • Cebeci, Münevver, “AB'nin Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikalarında Güncel Tartışmalar”, içinde Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri ATAUM 30. Yıl Armağanı, ed. Sanem Baykal et. al. (Ankara:Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018): 151-178.
  • Eralp, Atila, “Avrupa Bütünleşmesinin Dış Politika Arayışları: Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği,” içinde Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri ATAUM 30. Yıl Armağanı, ed. Sanem Baykal et. al. (Ankara:Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018):211-235.
  • Hobolt, Sara B. “Ever closer or ever wider? Public attitudes towards further enlargement and integration in the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 21, no 5 (2014): 664-680.
  • Ker-Lindsay, James, “The United Kingdom and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans: from ardent champion of expansion to Post-Brexit irrelevance”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 17, no 4, (2017): 555-569.
  • Krotz, Ulrich & Schild, Joachim, “Back to the future? Franco-German bilateralism in Europe's post-Brexit union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 25, no 8, (2018): 1174-1193.
  • Nas, Çiğdem, “The EU’s Approach to the Syrian Crisis: Turkey as a Partner?”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol.16, no 62 (2019):45-64.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank & Sedelmeier, Ulrich, “Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, Cilt 11, No.4 (2004): 661-679.
  • Smith, Karen, “The European Union in an illiberal World”, Current History, LSE Research Online, 116, no 788 (2017).
  • Turhan, Ebru, “Avrupa Birliği’nin Üçüncü Ülkelerle Harici Farklılaştırılmış Entegrasyon Modelleri ve Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin Geleceği: Neoliberal Bir Yaklaşım”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 27, No 1 (2018): 95-120.
  • Whitman, Richard G., “Avoiding a Hard Brexit in Foreign Policy,” Survival, 59, no 6, (2017):47-54.
  • Yazgan, Hatice, “Rubicon’u Geçmek: Onuncu yılında Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası,” Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Review of International Law and Politics, 11, no 42 (2015): 103-132.
  • Armenpress, “Brexit will have no impact on EU-EAP relations, says Johannes Hahn”, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/853905, July 11, 2016.
  • Bieber, Florian, “Ever Farther Union: Balkans and the Brexit”, Nations in Transit Brief, Freedom House, (2016):2.
  • Bugajski Janusz, “Brexit Impact on Europe’s East,” Center for European Policy Analysis, Ocak 9, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2019.https://www.cepa.org/brexit-impact-on-europes-east.
  • Chalmers, Malcolm, “UK Foreign and Security Policy after Brexit”, Briefing Paper, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies RUSI, https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201701_bp_uk_foreign_and_security_policy_after_brexit_v4.pdf,s.1.
  • Council of the European Union, “Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process-The Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Albania, Council Conclusions”, Brussels. 25 March 2020.
  • European Commission. “Negotiations and Agreements”, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 9, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-andagreements/#_in-place.
  • European Commission, “Revised Enlargement Methodology: Questions and Answers”, 5 February 2020, Brussels, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 20, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_182.
  • European Commission, “2019 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2019).
  • European Commission, “2018 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2018)
  • European Commission, “2016 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2016).
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations”, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/node_en.
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations”, Press Releases Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019.
  • Armenpress, “Brexit will have no impact on EU-EAP relations, says Johannes Hahn”, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/853905, July 11, 2016.
  • Bieber, Florian, “Ever Farther Union: Balkans and the Brexit”, Nations in Transit Brief, Freedom House, (2016):2.
  • Bugajski Janusz, “Brexit Impact on Europe’s East,” Center for European Policy Analysis, Ocak 9, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2019.https://www.cepa.org/brexit-impact-on-europes-east.
  • Chalmers, Malcolm, “UK Foreign and Security Policy after Brexit”, Briefing Paper, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies RUSI, https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201701_bp_uk_foreign_and_security_policy_after_brexit_v4.pdf,s.1.
  • Council of the European Union, “Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process-The Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Albania, Council Conclusions”, Brussels. 25 March 2020.
  • European Commission. “Negotiations and Agreements”, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 9, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-andagreements/#_in-place.
  • European Commission, “Revised Enlargement Methodology: Questions and Answers”, 5 February 2020, Brussels, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 20, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_182.
  • European Commission, “2019 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2019).
  • European Commission, “2018 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2018)
  • European Commission, “2016 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2016).
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations”, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/node_en.
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations”, Press Releases Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019.
  • Hale, Jacqueline, “How UK Foreign Policy benefits from EU membership and the pitfalls of Brexit,” The Foreign Policy Center, August 31, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 30, 2019. https://fpc.org.uk/how-uk-foreign-policy-benefits-from-eumembership-and-the-pitfalls-of-brexit/.
  • Hopkins, Valerie, “Brussels Says EU has ‘underestimated’ China’s reach in Balkans,” Financial Times, Mart 5, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/4ba18efa-377b-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0.
  • Minic, Jelica, “The Future of the EU and the Western Balkans - a view from Serbia”, Foreign Policy Papers 3,Friedricht Eber Shiftung, 2016: 5.
  • Nielsen, Nikolaj, “EU reassures Balkans on post-Brexit enlargement,” EU observer, Temmuz 5, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 30, 2019.https://euobserver.com/enlargement/134198.
  • Olivié Iliana & Pérez, Aitor, “Possible impacts of Brexit on EU development and humanitarian policies, “European Parliament Directorate-General for External Policies, Policy Department, ISBN: 978-92-846-0893-5 (pdf) , PE 578 042, (2017).
  • Regional Cooperation Council, “SEE 2020 Series Balkan Barometer 2017 Public Opinion Survey”, RCC Secretariat Year 3, no 3, Sarajevo (2017): 55.
  • Rodgers, James, “Brexit: A Chance for Russia to Rebuild Bridges?” Forbes, Eylül 4, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesrodgerseurope/2019/09/04/brexit-a-chancefor-russia-to-rebuild-bridges/#23fbda624b83.
  • Schneider, Oscar, “Blocking negotiations with North Macedonia and Albania is a ‘huge historical mistake,’ says Juncker,”Brussels Times, Ekim 18, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 19, 2019. https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/euaffairs/74241/jean-claude-juncker-deplores-europes-failure-to-start-euenlargement-negotiations/.
  • Tcherneva, Vessela, Varma, Tara, “After the French veto: The new scramble for the Western Balkans”, European Council on Foreign Relations ECFR, commentary, Ekim 25, 2019.
  • Ten Brinke Lisa, Chelotti Nicola, Himmrich Julia, Martill, Benjamin, “Britain in the Post Brexit Security Architecture”, Dahrendorf Forum Policy Brief, Debating Europe, (2018).

Impact of Brexit on the Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policies of the EU

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 , 267 - 289, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.979238

Öz

Enlargement Policy and the European Neighbourhood Policy are effective foreign policy instruments of the European Union (EU) and currently these policies
have been subject to criticisms from time to time due to the EU’s deepening problems, impact of the economic crisis, migration, terrorism and the public opinion which is currently hard to ignore. Therefore, Brexit emerges as a new factor that affect these policies. With Brexit, it became evident that the EU foreign policy which carries
intergovernmental characteristics will be decided through the France-Germany axis as witnessed in the October 2019 Summit’s enlargement policy related decisions.
Consequences of Brexit and the negative approach of the European public opinion towards these policies may have negative impacts on the enlargement and the
neighbourhood countries which already have fragile economic and political structures. However, it is possible to mention that the future of the EU and the differentiated integration debates will continue to determine the enlargement and neighbourhood policies of the EU after Brexit.

Kaynakça

  • Biscop, Sven,“All or nothing? The EU Global Strategy and defence policy after the Brexit”, Contemporary Security Policy, 37, no 3 (2016): 431-445.
  • Cebeci, Münevver, “AB'nin Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikalarında Güncel Tartışmalar”, içinde Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri ATAUM 30. Yıl Armağanı, ed. Sanem Baykal et. al. (Ankara:Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018): 151-178.
  • Eralp, Atila, “Avrupa Bütünleşmesinin Dış Politika Arayışları: Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği,” içinde Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri ATAUM 30. Yıl Armağanı, ed. Sanem Baykal et. al. (Ankara:Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018):211-235.
  • Hobolt, Sara B. “Ever closer or ever wider? Public attitudes towards further enlargement and integration in the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 21, no 5 (2014): 664-680.
  • Ker-Lindsay, James, “The United Kingdom and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans: from ardent champion of expansion to Post-Brexit irrelevance”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 17, no 4, (2017): 555-569.
  • Krotz, Ulrich & Schild, Joachim, “Back to the future? Franco-German bilateralism in Europe's post-Brexit union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 25, no 8, (2018): 1174-1193.
  • Nas, Çiğdem, “The EU’s Approach to the Syrian Crisis: Turkey as a Partner?”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol.16, no 62 (2019):45-64.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank & Sedelmeier, Ulrich, “Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, Cilt 11, No.4 (2004): 661-679.
  • Smith, Karen, “The European Union in an illiberal World”, Current History, LSE Research Online, 116, no 788 (2017).
  • Turhan, Ebru, “Avrupa Birliği’nin Üçüncü Ülkelerle Harici Farklılaştırılmış Entegrasyon Modelleri ve Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin Geleceği: Neoliberal Bir Yaklaşım”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 27, No 1 (2018): 95-120.
  • Whitman, Richard G., “Avoiding a Hard Brexit in Foreign Policy,” Survival, 59, no 6, (2017):47-54.
  • Yazgan, Hatice, “Rubicon’u Geçmek: Onuncu yılında Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası,” Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika Review of International Law and Politics, 11, no 42 (2015): 103-132.
  • Armenpress, “Brexit will have no impact on EU-EAP relations, says Johannes Hahn”, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/853905, July 11, 2016.
  • Bieber, Florian, “Ever Farther Union: Balkans and the Brexit”, Nations in Transit Brief, Freedom House, (2016):2.
  • Bugajski Janusz, “Brexit Impact on Europe’s East,” Center for European Policy Analysis, Ocak 9, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2019.https://www.cepa.org/brexit-impact-on-europes-east.
  • Chalmers, Malcolm, “UK Foreign and Security Policy after Brexit”, Briefing Paper, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies RUSI, https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201701_bp_uk_foreign_and_security_policy_after_brexit_v4.pdf,s.1.
  • Council of the European Union, “Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process-The Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Albania, Council Conclusions”, Brussels. 25 March 2020.
  • European Commission. “Negotiations and Agreements”, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 9, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-andagreements/#_in-place.
  • European Commission, “Revised Enlargement Methodology: Questions and Answers”, 5 February 2020, Brussels, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 20, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_182.
  • European Commission, “2019 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2019).
  • European Commission, “2018 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2018)
  • European Commission, “2016 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2016).
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations”, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/node_en.
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations”, Press Releases Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019.
  • Armenpress, “Brexit will have no impact on EU-EAP relations, says Johannes Hahn”, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/853905, July 11, 2016.
  • Bieber, Florian, “Ever Farther Union: Balkans and the Brexit”, Nations in Transit Brief, Freedom House, (2016):2.
  • Bugajski Janusz, “Brexit Impact on Europe’s East,” Center for European Policy Analysis, Ocak 9, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2019.https://www.cepa.org/brexit-impact-on-europes-east.
  • Chalmers, Malcolm, “UK Foreign and Security Policy after Brexit”, Briefing Paper, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies RUSI, https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201701_bp_uk_foreign_and_security_policy_after_brexit_v4.pdf,s.1.
  • Council of the European Union, “Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process-The Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Albania, Council Conclusions”, Brussels. 25 March 2020.
  • European Commission. “Negotiations and Agreements”, Erişim tarihi: Nisan 9, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-andagreements/#_in-place.
  • European Commission, “Revised Enlargement Methodology: Questions and Answers”, 5 February 2020, Brussels, Erişim Tarihi: Mart 20, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_182.
  • European Commission, “2019 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2019).
  • European Commission, “2018 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2018)
  • European Commission, “2016 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, (2016).
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations”, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/node_en.
  • European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations”, Press Releases Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019.
  • Hale, Jacqueline, “How UK Foreign Policy benefits from EU membership and the pitfalls of Brexit,” The Foreign Policy Center, August 31, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 30, 2019. https://fpc.org.uk/how-uk-foreign-policy-benefits-from-eumembership-and-the-pitfalls-of-brexit/.
  • Hopkins, Valerie, “Brussels Says EU has ‘underestimated’ China’s reach in Balkans,” Financial Times, Mart 5, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 17, 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/4ba18efa-377b-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0.
  • Minic, Jelica, “The Future of the EU and the Western Balkans - a view from Serbia”, Foreign Policy Papers 3,Friedricht Eber Shiftung, 2016: 5.
  • Nielsen, Nikolaj, “EU reassures Balkans on post-Brexit enlargement,” EU observer, Temmuz 5, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 30, 2019.https://euobserver.com/enlargement/134198.
  • Olivié Iliana & Pérez, Aitor, “Possible impacts of Brexit on EU development and humanitarian policies, “European Parliament Directorate-General for External Policies, Policy Department, ISBN: 978-92-846-0893-5 (pdf) , PE 578 042, (2017).
  • Regional Cooperation Council, “SEE 2020 Series Balkan Barometer 2017 Public Opinion Survey”, RCC Secretariat Year 3, no 3, Sarajevo (2017): 55.
  • Rodgers, James, “Brexit: A Chance for Russia to Rebuild Bridges?” Forbes, Eylül 4, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 10, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesrodgerseurope/2019/09/04/brexit-a-chancefor-russia-to-rebuild-bridges/#23fbda624b83.
  • Schneider, Oscar, “Blocking negotiations with North Macedonia and Albania is a ‘huge historical mistake,’ says Juncker,”Brussels Times, Ekim 18, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 19, 2019. https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/euaffairs/74241/jean-claude-juncker-deplores-europes-failure-to-start-euenlargement-negotiations/.
  • Tcherneva, Vessela, Varma, Tara, “After the French veto: The new scramble for the Western Balkans”, European Council on Foreign Relations ECFR, commentary, Ekim 25, 2019.
  • Ten Brinke Lisa, Chelotti Nicola, Himmrich Julia, Martill, Benjamin, “Britain in the Post Brexit Security Architecture”, Dahrendorf Forum Policy Brief, Debating Europe, (2018).
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hatice Yazgan 0000-0001-7906-0062

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 20

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yazgan, Hatice. “BREXIT’İN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN GENİŞLEME POLİTİKASI VE AVRUPA KOMŞULUK POLİTİKASI’NA ETKİLERİ”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, Ağustos (Ağustos 2021): 267-89. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.979238.

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