Abstract
Bu çalışmada; sigara kullanan ve araştırmacı tarafından yoksun bırakılan katılımcıların yoksunluk durumlarının dikkat düzeylerinde nasıl bir farklılık gözleneceğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, amaçlı örnekleme yoluyla seçilen, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi'nde lisans eğitimine devam eden, 20-25 yaş arası (%53.3 kadın, %46.7 erkek) toplam 45 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Demografik Bilgi Formu, Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi, Nikotin Stroop Görevi, d2 Dikkat Testi ve n-Geri Görevi kullanılmıştır. Nikotin Stroop Görevi, katılımcıların sigara ile ilişkili ve sigara ile ilişkisiz olmak üzere iki kelime listesini okuması şeklindedir. Sonrasında seçici ve sürdürülebilir dikkati belirlemek amacıyla uyaran olarak “d” ve “p” harfleri kullanılan d2 dikkat testi ölçümlenmiştir. Harflerin üstünde ve altında olmak üzere toplamda 1 ile 4 arasında nokta bulunmaktadır. Katılımcıdan üstünde, altında veya biri altında biri üstünde olmak üzere iki adet nokta bulunan “d” harflerinin bulunması istenmiştir. Son olarak bölünmüş dikkat düzeyini belirlemek amacıyla katılımcılara n-Geri Görevi verilmiştir. n-Geri görevinde katılımcıdan aynı anda görsel ve işitsel uyaranlara dikkat edip ardışık olarak aynı uyaranı algıladığında araştırmacı tarafından belirlenen tuşlara basması beklenmiştir. Veriler bağımsız örneklem t testi ile Son Faktör Tekrarlı ANOVA aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularında; yoksun bırakılan bireylerin sigara kullananlara göre sürdürülebilir dikkat performansının daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır (p<.05). Yoksun bırakılan bireylerin sigara kullananlara göre bölünmüş dikkat, seçici dikkat ve dikkat yanlılığı performansında anlamlı farklılıklara rastlanmamıştır (p>.05). Bulgular tartışma bölümünde ilgili literatür çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
References
- Al’Absi, M., Amunrud, T., & Wittmers, L.E. (2002). Psychophysiological effects of nicotine abstinence and behavioral challenges in habitual smokers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 72(3), 707-716.
- Altun, A. & Özeke Çevik, V. (2012) Measuring working memory by using a multimedia based task. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (1), 32-40.
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). DSM 5 tanı ölçütleri başvuru el kitabı. E. Köroğlu (Çev.). Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık. (İlk baskı. 1952).
- Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. Needham Heights, MA, US: Allyn & Bacon.
- Baldinger, B., Hasenfratz, M., & Bättig, K. (1995). Effects of smoking abstinence and nicotine abstinence on heart rate, activity and cigarette craving under field conditions. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 10(2), 127-136.
- Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295–2303. Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94(3), 327–340.
- Domier, P. C, Monterosso, J. R, Brody, A.L, Simon, S. L, Mendrek, A. Olmstead, R. Ve ark., (2007). Effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on Stroop task performance. Psychopharmacology, 195(1), 1-9.
- Elgerot, A. (1976). Note on Selective Effects of Short-Term Tobacco-Abstinence on Complex versus Simple Mental Tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42(2), 413–414.
- Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Eye movements to smoking-related cues effects of nicotine deprivation. Psychopharmacology, 173(1-2), 116–123.
- Gross, T. M., Jarvik, M. E., & Rosenblatt, M. R. (1993). Nicotine abstinence produces content-specific stroop interference. Psychopharmacology, 110(3), 333–336.
- Grunberg, N. E., & Bowen, D. J. (1985). The role of physical activity in nicotine’s effects on body weight. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 23(5), 851-854.
- Hecht, S. S. (2012). Lung carcinogenesis by tobacco smoke. International Journal of Cancer, 131(12), 2724–2732.
- Heishman, S. J. (2002). What aspects of human performance are truly enhanced by nicotine? Addiction, 93, 317–320.
- Hofstetter, A., Schutz, Y., Jéquier, E., & Wahren, J. (1986). Increased 24-Hour Energy Expenditure in Cigarette Smokers. New England Journal of Medicine, 314(2), 79-82.
- Hughes, J. R., Higgins, S. T., & Hatsukami, D. (1990). Effects of Abstinence from Tobacco. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, 317–398.
- Jacobsen, L. K., Krystal, J. H., Mencl, W. E., Westerveld, M., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2005). Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers. Biological Psychiatry, 57(1), 56–66.
- Kisacik, E., & Cakir, Z. (2020). The Development Study of Smoking Stroop Test on a Turkish Sample. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 57(3), 234.
- Leigh, G., Tong, J. E., & Campbell, J. A. (1977). Effects of ethanol and tobacco on divided attention. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 38(7), 1233–1239.
- Miller, K. M., Price, C. C., Okun, M. S., Montijo, H., & Bowers, D. (2009). Is the N-Back Task a Valid Neuropsychological Measure for Assessing Working Memory Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(7), 711–717.
- Miller, P. M. (2013). Principles of Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders (s. 435). Londra: Academic Press, Elseiver.
- Mirza, N. R., & Stolerman, I. P. (1998). Nicotine enhances sustained attention in the rat under specific task conditions. Psychopharmacology, 138(3-4), 266–274.
- Uysal, M.A., Kadakal, F., Karşıdağ, C., Bayram, N.G., Uysal, O. ve Yılmaz, V. (2004). Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks, 52(2):115-21.
- Pakyürek, G., & Şenyüz, L. (2019). Sigara kullanımı ve bilişsel yük farklılaşmasının ileriye dönük bellek performansına etkisinin incelenmesi. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(2), 221-238.
- Pashler, H. E. (1998). The psychology of attention. Cambridge, MA, US: The MIT Press.
- Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001). Incentive‐sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 96(1), 103-114.
- Shiffman, S. M., & Jarvik, M. E. (1976). Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 50(1), 35–39.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. bs.).
- Toker, M. Z. (1993). Visual algı testi d2’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
- Trimmel, M., & Wittberger, S. (2004). Effects of transdermally administered nicotine on aspects of attention, task load, and mood in women and men. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 78(3), 639–645.
- Waters, A. J., Carter, B. L., Robinson, J. D., Wetter, D. W., Lam, C. Y., Kerst, W. ve Cinciripini P. M. (2009). Attentional bias is associated with incentive related physiological and subjective measures. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17(4), 247–257.
- West, R. J., Russell, M. A. H., Jarvis, M. J., Pizzey, T., & Kadam, B. (1984). Urinary adrenaline concentrations during 10 days of smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 84(1), 141–142. World Health Organization. Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: 2018.
- Yaycı, L. (2013). d2 Dikkat Testi'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(4), 43-80.
Abstract
This study aims to determine the differences in the attention levels of the deprivation status of the participants who are smoking and deprived by the researcher. In this research, there are 45 university students between the ages of 20-25 (53.3% female, 46.7% male) who were chosen by purposive sampling and continuing their undergraduate education at Aydın Adnan Menderes University. Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test, Nicotine Stroop Task, d2 Attention Test and N-Back Task were used in the study. The participants of the study consisted of 2 groups who were changed by nicotine deprivation by the researcher. Participants were shown two lists of words, individually related to smoking and not related to smoking. Then, to determine selective and sustainable attention, the d2 attention test was measured. Finally, the n-Back Task was assigned to the participants to determine the level of divided attention. In the n-Back task, the participant was expected to pay attention to visual and auditory stimuli at the same time and press the keys determined by the researcher when he/she detected the same stimulus consecutively. Independent samples t-test was used to evaluate the data using the Last Factor Repeated ANOVA. In the findings of the research; it was found that the deprived participants had lower sustained attention performance than the smokers (p <.05). The findings were evaluated in the discussion section within the framework of the recent literature.
References
- Al’Absi, M., Amunrud, T., & Wittmers, L.E. (2002). Psychophysiological effects of nicotine abstinence and behavioral challenges in habitual smokers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 72(3), 707-716.
- Altun, A. & Özeke Çevik, V. (2012) Measuring working memory by using a multimedia based task. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (1), 32-40.
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). DSM 5 tanı ölçütleri başvuru el kitabı. E. Köroğlu (Çev.). Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık. (İlk baskı. 1952).
- Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. Needham Heights, MA, US: Allyn & Bacon.
- Baldinger, B., Hasenfratz, M., & Bättig, K. (1995). Effects of smoking abstinence and nicotine abstinence on heart rate, activity and cigarette craving under field conditions. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 10(2), 127-136.
- Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295–2303. Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94(3), 327–340.
- Domier, P. C, Monterosso, J. R, Brody, A.L, Simon, S. L, Mendrek, A. Olmstead, R. Ve ark., (2007). Effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on Stroop task performance. Psychopharmacology, 195(1), 1-9.
- Elgerot, A. (1976). Note on Selective Effects of Short-Term Tobacco-Abstinence on Complex versus Simple Mental Tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42(2), 413–414.
- Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Eye movements to smoking-related cues effects of nicotine deprivation. Psychopharmacology, 173(1-2), 116–123.
- Gross, T. M., Jarvik, M. E., & Rosenblatt, M. R. (1993). Nicotine abstinence produces content-specific stroop interference. Psychopharmacology, 110(3), 333–336.
- Grunberg, N. E., & Bowen, D. J. (1985). The role of physical activity in nicotine’s effects on body weight. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 23(5), 851-854.
- Hecht, S. S. (2012). Lung carcinogenesis by tobacco smoke. International Journal of Cancer, 131(12), 2724–2732.
- Heishman, S. J. (2002). What aspects of human performance are truly enhanced by nicotine? Addiction, 93, 317–320.
- Hofstetter, A., Schutz, Y., Jéquier, E., & Wahren, J. (1986). Increased 24-Hour Energy Expenditure in Cigarette Smokers. New England Journal of Medicine, 314(2), 79-82.
- Hughes, J. R., Higgins, S. T., & Hatsukami, D. (1990). Effects of Abstinence from Tobacco. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, 317–398.
- Jacobsen, L. K., Krystal, J. H., Mencl, W. E., Westerveld, M., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2005). Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers. Biological Psychiatry, 57(1), 56–66.
- Kisacik, E., & Cakir, Z. (2020). The Development Study of Smoking Stroop Test on a Turkish Sample. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 57(3), 234.
- Leigh, G., Tong, J. E., & Campbell, J. A. (1977). Effects of ethanol and tobacco on divided attention. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 38(7), 1233–1239.
- Miller, K. M., Price, C. C., Okun, M. S., Montijo, H., & Bowers, D. (2009). Is the N-Back Task a Valid Neuropsychological Measure for Assessing Working Memory Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(7), 711–717.
- Miller, P. M. (2013). Principles of Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders (s. 435). Londra: Academic Press, Elseiver.
- Mirza, N. R., & Stolerman, I. P. (1998). Nicotine enhances sustained attention in the rat under specific task conditions. Psychopharmacology, 138(3-4), 266–274.
- Uysal, M.A., Kadakal, F., Karşıdağ, C., Bayram, N.G., Uysal, O. ve Yılmaz, V. (2004). Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks, 52(2):115-21.
- Pakyürek, G., & Şenyüz, L. (2019). Sigara kullanımı ve bilişsel yük farklılaşmasının ileriye dönük bellek performansına etkisinin incelenmesi. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(2), 221-238.
- Pashler, H. E. (1998). The psychology of attention. Cambridge, MA, US: The MIT Press.
- Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001). Incentive‐sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 96(1), 103-114.
- Shiffman, S. M., & Jarvik, M. E. (1976). Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 50(1), 35–39.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. bs.).
- Toker, M. Z. (1993). Visual algı testi d2’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
- Trimmel, M., & Wittberger, S. (2004). Effects of transdermally administered nicotine on aspects of attention, task load, and mood in women and men. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 78(3), 639–645.
- Waters, A. J., Carter, B. L., Robinson, J. D., Wetter, D. W., Lam, C. Y., Kerst, W. ve Cinciripini P. M. (2009). Attentional bias is associated with incentive related physiological and subjective measures. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17(4), 247–257.
- West, R. J., Russell, M. A. H., Jarvis, M. J., Pizzey, T., & Kadam, B. (1984). Urinary adrenaline concentrations during 10 days of smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 84(1), 141–142. World Health Organization. Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: 2018.
- Yaycı, L. (2013). d2 Dikkat Testi'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(4), 43-80.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Psychology |
| Journal Section | Volume:4, Issue:8 December |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 8 |
