Abstract
Oksitosin psikoloji araştırmalarını oldukça etkileyen, bağlanma, sosyal işlevler, hayatta kalma, duygusal yüz ifadelerini tanımlama, sosyal ilişkiler, aşk, üreme, ebeveynlik ve çocuk bakımı gibi birçok temel konuda etkin rol oynadığı düşünülen bir hormondur. Sosyal etkileşim olmadığında insanların üreme davranışında, gelişiminde ve hatta hayatta kalmasında sorunlar yaşaması kaçınılmaz olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sosyal etkileşimi kolaylaştırdığı öne sürülen oksitosin türü peptidlerin oluşumundan sorumlu genlerin 700 milyon yıl önce evrildiği ileri sürülmektedir. Beyindeki ve kandaki oksitosin miktarı türlere göre değişiklik göstermekte ve oksitosin seviyesindeki bireysel farklılıklar sosyal davranışlarını da içeren şekilde kişilik özellikleriyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Oksitosin miktarı kadınlarda emzirme döneminde zirve yapmaktadır ve sütün gelmesini kolaylaştırıp anne-bebek arasındaki sosyal ve hormonal ilişkinin kurulmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Sosyal ilişkilerdeki bağı güçlendirip olumlu ipuçlarının yakalanmasını arttırmaktadır. Böylece stresle tetiklenen kortizon salınımını baskılayarak kaygıyı azaltıp, güven ortamı sağlayarak olumlu ilişkilerin kurulmasında aracılık etmektedir. Güvenli bir ortam oluşturulduğunda sosyal davranışlarda korkusuz ya da daha rahat ilişkide bulunmayı sağlayarak sevgi dolu ilişkiler oksitosinin davranışsal etkileriyle desteklenerek sağlanabilmektedir. Ayrıca oksitosin kullanımının otizm, madde bağımlılığı, şizofreni, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, sosyal fobi ve saldırganlık, gibi birçok psikiyarik hastalıkların tedavisinde uygulandığı ve katkı sağladığı ileri sürülmektedir. Kişilik oluşumu gibi sosyal davranışlarımız temelinde bulunan kişiliğin de oksitosin miktarıyla ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sosyal yaşamı önemli derecede etkileyen oksitosinin fizyolojik, davranışsal ve bilişsel yönlerini araştıracak disiplinlerarası çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu makalede oksitosinin nörobiyolojik temelleri ve sosyal yaşamımızdaki önemi üstünde durulmuş olup davranışsal doğurguları allostatik, korku/stres, sosyo-evrimsel ve sosyal belirginlik kuramları bağlamında tartışılmıştır.
Keywords
References
- Balıkçı, K., Aydın, O., Sönmez, I. ve Danacı, A. E. (2018). Şizofreni hastalarının annelerinde bağlanma biçimi ile kan oksitosin düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(6), 531-536.
- Carter, S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23:779– 818.
- Carter,S. (2014). Oxytocin Pathways and the Evolution of Human Behavior. The Annual Review of Psychology, 65:17–39.
- Demirci, E., Özmen, S., & Öztop, D. B. (2016). Dikkat Eksikligi Hiperaktivite Bozuklugu olan Erkek Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Dürtüsellik ve Serum Oksitosin Iliskisi: Bir Ön Çalisma. Nöropsikyatri Arşivi, 53(4), 291.
- Donaldson, Z. R ve Young, L. J. (2008). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science, 322:900–4.
- Khazipov, R., Tyzio, R. ve Ben-Ari Y. (2008). Effects of oxytocin on GABA signalling in the Forental brain during delivery. Progress in Brain Research, 170:243–57.
- Landgraf, R. ve Neumann, I.D. (2004). Vasopressin and oxytocin release within the brain: A dynamic concept of multiple and variable modes of neuropeptide communication. Frontier in Neuroendocrinology, 25(3-4):150-76.
- Engelmann, M., Wotjak, C.T, Neumann, I., Ludwig, M. ve Landgraf, R. (1996). Behavioral consequences of intracerebral vasopressin and oxytocin: focus on learning and memory. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews;20(3):341-58.
- Feldman, R. (2012). Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans. Hormones and Behavior 61:380–91.
- Ferris, C. F. (2008). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and the neurobiology of vasopressin and oxytocin. Progress in Brain Research Prog, 170:305–20.
- Frank, E. ve Landgraf, R. (2008). The vasopressin system from antidiuresis to psychopathology. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583:226–42.
- Gainer, H. (2012). Cell-type specific expression of oxytocin and vasopressin genes: an experimental odyssey. Journal of. Neuroendocrinology, 24:528–38.
- Gimpl, G. ve Fahrenholz, F. (2001). The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function and regulation. Physiological Review, 81:629–83.
- Goodson, J.L, Kelly, A. M, Kingsbury, M. A. (2012). Evolving nonapeptidemechanisms of gregariousness and social diversity. Hormones and Behavior, 61:239–50.
- Gruastella, A.J. ve MacLeod, C. (2012). A critical review of the influence of oxytocin nasal spray on social cognition in humans: evidence and further directions. Hormones and Behavior, 61:410–18.
- Lee, H. J, Macbeth, A. H, Pagani, J. H. ve Young, W. S. (2009). Oxytocin: the great facilitator of life. Progress Neurobiology.;88(2):127-51.
- MacDonald, K. ve MacDonald, T. M. (2010). The peptide that binds: a systematic review of oxytocin and its prosocial effects in humans. Harvard review of psychiatry, 18(1), 1 21.
- Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). Impact of prosocial neuropeptides on human brain function. Progress in brain research, 170, 463-470.
- Neumann, I.D, Kromer, S.A, Toschi, N. ve Ebner, K. (2000). Brain oxytocin inhibits the (re)activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats: involvement of hypothalamic and limbic brain regions. Regulatory Peptides, 96 (12):8-31.
- Ostrowski, N. (1998). Oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in rat brain: Implications for behavioral integration and reproductive success. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23:989 1004.
- Özsoy S, Esel E, Kula M. (2009). Serum oxytocin levels in patients with depression and the effects of gender and antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Research, 169:249 252.
- Pitman, R.K, Orr, S.P. ve Lasko, N.B. (1993). Effects of intranasal vasopressin and oxytocin on physiologic responding during personal combat imagery in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 48. 107-117. Say, G. N., & Müjdeci, M. (2016). Oksitosin ve Psikiyatrik Bozukluklar. Current Approaches in Psychiatry/Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 8(2), 102-113.
- Seyfarth, R. M. ve Cheney, D. L. (2012). The evolutionary origins of friendship. Annual review of psychology, 63, 153-177.
- Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Güntürkün, O., Deutschländer, S., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M. ve Hurlemann, R. (2012). Oxytocin modulates social distance between males and females. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(46), 16074-16079.
- Somel, M., Liu, X. ve Khaitovich, P. (2013). Human brain evolution: transcripts, metabolites and their regulators. Nature Review Neuroscience, 14:112–27.
- Stoop, R. (2012). Neuromodulation by oxytocin and vasopressin. Neuron, 76:142–59.
- Sun, R., Vuillier, L., Deakin, J., & Kogan, A. (2020). Oxytocin increases emotional theory of mind, but only for low socioeconomic status individuals. Heliyon, 6(3),35-40.
- Tribollet, E., Dubois, D. M., Dreifuss, J.J, Barberis, C. ve Jard, S. (1992). Oxytocin receptors in the central nervous system. Distribution, development, and species differences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652: 29- 38.
- Turan T, Uysal C, Asdemir A ve Kılıç, E. (2013). May oxytocin be a trait marker for bipolar disorder? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38:2890-2896.
- Uvnas, M. K, Ahlenius, S., Hillegaart, V. ve Alster, P. (1994). High doses of oxytocin cause sedation and low doses cause an anxiolytic-like effect in male rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 49: 101-106,
- Viero, C., Shibuya, I., Kitamura, N., Verkhratsky, A., Fujihara, H., Katoh, A., ... ve Dayanithi, G. (2010). Oxytocin: Crossing the bridge between basic science and pharmacotherapy. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 16(5), 138-156.
Abstract
Oxytocin is a hormone that is highly influenced by psychology research and is thought to play an active role in many basic topics such as attachment, social functions, survival, defining emotional facial expressions, social relationships, love, reproduction, parenting and childcare. In the absence of social interaction, it is thought that it is inevitable for people to have problems in reproductive behavior, development and even survival. It is suggested that the genes responsible for the formation of oxytocin-type peptides, which are claimed to facilitate social interaction, evolved 700 million years ago. The amount of oxytocin in the brain and blood varies by species, and individual differences in oxytocin level are associated with personality traits, including social behavior. The amount of oxytocin peaks during breastfeeding in women and contributes to the establishment of a social and hormonal relationship between mother and baby by facilitating milk delivery. It strengthens the bond in social relations and increases the catching of positive cues. Thus, it mediates positive relationships by reducing anxiety and providing an atmosphere of trust by suppressing stress-induced cortisone release, When a safe environment is created, by providing fearless or more comfortable relationships in social behaviors, loving relationships can be provided by supporting the behavioral effects of oxytocin. In addition, it has been observed that oxytocin use has been applied and contributed to the treatment of many psychiatric diseases such as autism, substance abuse, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and aggression. It is thought that the personality, which is based on our social behaviors such as personality formation, is also related to the amount of oxytocin. Interdisciplinary studies are needed to investigate the physiological, behavioral and cognitive aspects of oxytocin, which significantly affects social life. In this study, the importance of oxytocin in our social life and neurobiological basis is emphasized and it is aimed to discuss its behavioral outcomes in the context of allostatic, fear/stres, social-evolutionary and social salience theories.
Keywords
References
- Balıkçı, K., Aydın, O., Sönmez, I. ve Danacı, A. E. (2018). Şizofreni hastalarının annelerinde bağlanma biçimi ile kan oksitosin düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(6), 531-536.
- Carter, S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23:779– 818.
- Carter,S. (2014). Oxytocin Pathways and the Evolution of Human Behavior. The Annual Review of Psychology, 65:17–39.
- Demirci, E., Özmen, S., & Öztop, D. B. (2016). Dikkat Eksikligi Hiperaktivite Bozuklugu olan Erkek Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Dürtüsellik ve Serum Oksitosin Iliskisi: Bir Ön Çalisma. Nöropsikyatri Arşivi, 53(4), 291.
- Donaldson, Z. R ve Young, L. J. (2008). Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science, 322:900–4.
- Khazipov, R., Tyzio, R. ve Ben-Ari Y. (2008). Effects of oxytocin on GABA signalling in the Forental brain during delivery. Progress in Brain Research, 170:243–57.
- Landgraf, R. ve Neumann, I.D. (2004). Vasopressin and oxytocin release within the brain: A dynamic concept of multiple and variable modes of neuropeptide communication. Frontier in Neuroendocrinology, 25(3-4):150-76.
- Engelmann, M., Wotjak, C.T, Neumann, I., Ludwig, M. ve Landgraf, R. (1996). Behavioral consequences of intracerebral vasopressin and oxytocin: focus on learning and memory. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews;20(3):341-58.
- Feldman, R. (2012). Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans. Hormones and Behavior 61:380–91.
- Ferris, C. F. (2008). Functional magnetic resonance imaging and the neurobiology of vasopressin and oxytocin. Progress in Brain Research Prog, 170:305–20.
- Frank, E. ve Landgraf, R. (2008). The vasopressin system from antidiuresis to psychopathology. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583:226–42.
- Gainer, H. (2012). Cell-type specific expression of oxytocin and vasopressin genes: an experimental odyssey. Journal of. Neuroendocrinology, 24:528–38.
- Gimpl, G. ve Fahrenholz, F. (2001). The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function and regulation. Physiological Review, 81:629–83.
- Goodson, J.L, Kelly, A. M, Kingsbury, M. A. (2012). Evolving nonapeptidemechanisms of gregariousness and social diversity. Hormones and Behavior, 61:239–50.
- Gruastella, A.J. ve MacLeod, C. (2012). A critical review of the influence of oxytocin nasal spray on social cognition in humans: evidence and further directions. Hormones and Behavior, 61:410–18.
- Lee, H. J, Macbeth, A. H, Pagani, J. H. ve Young, W. S. (2009). Oxytocin: the great facilitator of life. Progress Neurobiology.;88(2):127-51.
- MacDonald, K. ve MacDonald, T. M. (2010). The peptide that binds: a systematic review of oxytocin and its prosocial effects in humans. Harvard review of psychiatry, 18(1), 1 21.
- Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). Impact of prosocial neuropeptides on human brain function. Progress in brain research, 170, 463-470.
- Neumann, I.D, Kromer, S.A, Toschi, N. ve Ebner, K. (2000). Brain oxytocin inhibits the (re)activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats: involvement of hypothalamic and limbic brain regions. Regulatory Peptides, 96 (12):8-31.
- Ostrowski, N. (1998). Oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in rat brain: Implications for behavioral integration and reproductive success. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23:989 1004.
- Özsoy S, Esel E, Kula M. (2009). Serum oxytocin levels in patients with depression and the effects of gender and antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Research, 169:249 252.
- Pitman, R.K, Orr, S.P. ve Lasko, N.B. (1993). Effects of intranasal vasopressin and oxytocin on physiologic responding during personal combat imagery in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 48. 107-117. Say, G. N., & Müjdeci, M. (2016). Oksitosin ve Psikiyatrik Bozukluklar. Current Approaches in Psychiatry/Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 8(2), 102-113.
- Seyfarth, R. M. ve Cheney, D. L. (2012). The evolutionary origins of friendship. Annual review of psychology, 63, 153-177.
- Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Güntürkün, O., Deutschländer, S., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M. ve Hurlemann, R. (2012). Oxytocin modulates social distance between males and females. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(46), 16074-16079.
- Somel, M., Liu, X. ve Khaitovich, P. (2013). Human brain evolution: transcripts, metabolites and their regulators. Nature Review Neuroscience, 14:112–27.
- Stoop, R. (2012). Neuromodulation by oxytocin and vasopressin. Neuron, 76:142–59.
- Sun, R., Vuillier, L., Deakin, J., & Kogan, A. (2020). Oxytocin increases emotional theory of mind, but only for low socioeconomic status individuals. Heliyon, 6(3),35-40.
- Tribollet, E., Dubois, D. M., Dreifuss, J.J, Barberis, C. ve Jard, S. (1992). Oxytocin receptors in the central nervous system. Distribution, development, and species differences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 652: 29- 38.
- Turan T, Uysal C, Asdemir A ve Kılıç, E. (2013). May oxytocin be a trait marker for bipolar disorder? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38:2890-2896.
- Uvnas, M. K, Ahlenius, S., Hillegaart, V. ve Alster, P. (1994). High doses of oxytocin cause sedation and low doses cause an anxiolytic-like effect in male rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 49: 101-106,
- Viero, C., Shibuya, I., Kitamura, N., Verkhratsky, A., Fujihara, H., Katoh, A., ... ve Dayanithi, G. (2010). Oxytocin: Crossing the bridge between basic science and pharmacotherapy. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 16(5), 138-156.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Volume:4, Issue:7 June |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 7 |
