Research Article
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Olumlu ve Olumsuz Hazırlama Süreci: Kategorik mi? Sürekli mi?

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 92, 129 - 147

Bahadir Oktay Banu Cangöz Tavat Bora Baskak

https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1355563

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, olumlu ve olumsuz hazırlama türlerini etkileme potansiyeli olan bazı bağımsız değişkenleri (hazırlayıcı- hedef uyarıcı özelliklerinin türü, tutarlılık düzeyi, eşik altı sunum ve duygular) bütünsel olarak incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda üç deney tasarlanmıştır. Deney 1 ve Deney 2’de tanıma görevindeki uyarıcıların (yüz fotoğrafı, kelime ve şekil) farklı sunum koşulları (eşik altı ve eşik üstü) altında hazırlama türleri (olumlu, olumsuz ve yarı-olumsuz) üzerindeki etkisi ve Deney 3’te hazırlayıcı uyarıcının özelliklerinin (yüz ve yüzdeki duygusal ifade) tutarlı/tutarsız olması durumunun doğru tepkiler ve tepki süreleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelenmiştir. Araştırma, her bir deneyde 50’şer öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 150 katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, hazırlama etkisinin bir kategorizasyondan ziyade süreklilik olduğunu göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Öte yandan, yüz ve yüzdeki duygunun olumsuz hazırlama etkisi açısından farklılığa yol açmadığı bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Hazırlama etkisi yüz tanıma yarı-olumsuz hazırlama duygusal hazırlama

Ethical Statement

Hacettepe Üniversitesi Senato Etik Komisyonu’ndan 28.02.2017 tarih ve 35853172/431-909 sayılı etik onay alındıktan sonra araştırmaya başlanmıştır.

References

  • Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736359
  • Baran, Z., Cangöz, B. ve Salman, F. (2016). Duygusal bağlam eşik altı ve eşik üstü hazırlamayı etkiler mi? Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26, (1) 23-30. https:// doi.org/10.5080/u7784
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression.. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. ve Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring. Archives of general psychiatry, 4, 561-571. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Billings, L. S., Harrison, D. W. ve Alden, J. D. (1993). Age differences among women in the functional asymmetry for bias in facial affect perception. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334940
  • Botella, G. J., Joula, J. F. ve Moro, M. I. B. (2002). Temporal interactions between target and distractor proccesing: Positive and negative priming effects. Psicológica: Revista de Metodología y Psicología Experimental, 23(2), 371-400.
  • Calvo, M. G., Fernández-Martín, A. ve Nummenmaa, L. (2012). Perceptual, categorical, and affective processing of ambiguous smiling facial expressions. Cognition, 125(3), 373-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.021
  • Chaillou, A. C., Giersch, A., Bonnefond, A., Custers, R. ve Capa, R. L. (2015). Influence of positive subliminal and supraliminal affective cues on goal pursuit in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 161(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.052
  • Collins, A. M. ve Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
  • De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A. ve Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 347-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0014211
  • Donges, U. S., Kersting, A. ve Suslow, T. (2012). Women’s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: gender differences in affective priming. PLoS One, 7(7), e41745. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041745
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Fecteau, J. H. (2007). Priming of pop-out depends upon the current goals of observers. Journal of Vision, 7(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1167/7.6.1
  • Frings, C., Schneider, K. K. ve Fox, E. (2015). The negative priming paradigm: An update and implications for selective attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(6), 1577-1597. https://doi.org/10.3758/ s13423-015-0841-4
  • Frings, C. ve Wentura, D. (2008). Separating context and trial-by-trial effects in the negative priming paradigm. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 20(2), 195-210. https://doi. org/10.1080/17470910701363090
  • Hanaya, M. (1992). Perception of facial expressions: Effect of facial angle on emotion category effect. Tohoku Psychologica Folia 52(1), 33-36.
  • Hansen, C. H. ve Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: an anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 917-924. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.54.6.917
  • Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Ölçeği’nin bir Türk örnekleminde geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13.
  • Kaynak, H. ve Cangöz, B. (2010). Anlık ve gecikmeli örtük bellek performansı yaşlanmadan etkilenir mi? Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 13(1), 26-35.
  • Kristjánsson., A. (2006). Simultaneous priming along multiple feature dimensions in a visual search task. Vision Research, 46(16), 2554-2570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.01.015
  • Lipp, O. V., Price, S. M., ve Tellegen, C. L. (2009). No effect of inversion on attentional and affective processing of facial expressions. Emotion, 9(2), 248- 259. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014715
  • Mahoney, M. B., Saunders, B. A. ve Cain, N. M. (2014). Priming mortality salience: Supraliminal, subliminal and “double-death” priming techniques. Death Studies, 38(10), 678-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/0 7481187.2013.839586
  • Maratos, F. A., Mogg, K. ve Bradley, B. P. (2008). Identification of angry faces in the attentional blink. Cognition and Emotion, 22(7), 1340-1352. https:// doi.org/10.1080/02699930701774218
  • Mayas, J., Fuentes, L. J. ve Ballesteros, S. (2012). Stroop interference and negative priming (NP) suppression in normal aging. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(2), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.12.012
  • McBride, J., Leonards, U. ve Gilchrist, I. D. (2009). Flexible target representations underlie repetition priming in visual search. Visual Cognition, 17(5), 655-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802257147
  • Milliken, B., Joordens, S., Merikle, P. M. ve Seiffert, A. E. (1998). Selective attention: A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming. Psychological Review, 105(2), 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.203
  • Naccache, L., Blandin, E. ve Dehaene, S. (2002). Unconscious masked priming depends on temporal attention. Psychological Science, 13(5), 416-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00474
  • Park, J. ve Kanwisher, N. (1994). Negative priming for spatial locations: Identity mismatching, not distractor inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(3), 613-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096- 1523.20.3.613
  • Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 255–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084295
  • Pell, M. D., Jaywant, A., Monetta, L. ve Kotz, S. A. (2011). Emotional speech processing: Disentangling the effects of prosody and semantic cues. Cognition & Emotion, 25(5), 834-853. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/02699931.2010.516915
  • Rieth, C. A. ve Huber, D. E. (2010). Priming and habituation for faces: Individual differences and inversion effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(3), 596- 618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018737
  • Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45(9), 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.9.1043
  • Roediger, H.L., Weldon, M.S. ve Challis, B.H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In Roediger, H.L. ve Craik, F.I.M. (Eds). Varieties of Memory and 195 Consciosness: Essays in Honour of Endel Tulving. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  • Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13(3), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501
  • Scharlau, I. ve Ansorge, U. (2003). Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming. Vision Research, 43(12), 1351-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042- 6989(03)00141-X
  • Suslow, T., Kugel, H., Ohrmann, P., Stuhrmann, A., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., ... ve Dannlowski, U. (2013). Neural correlates of affective priming effects based on masked facial emotion: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 211(3), 239-245.
  • Švegar, D., Kardum, I. ve Polič, M. (2013). Happy face superiority effect in change detection paradigm. Psihologijske Teme, 22(2), 249-269.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Tipper, S. P. (1985). The negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects. The Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 37(4), 571- 590. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748508400920
  • Tipper, S. P. (2001). Does negative priming reflect inhibitory mechanisms? A review and integration of conflicting views. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54(2), 321-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755969
  • Wildegger, T., Myers, N. E., Humphreys, G. ve Nobre, A. C. (2015). Supraliminal but not subliminal distracters bias working memory recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(3), 826-839. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/xhp0000052.
  • Yang, J., Xu, X., Du, X., Shi, C. ve Fang, F. (2011). Effects of unconscious processing on implicit memory for fearful faces. PloS One, 6(2), e14641. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014641

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 92, 129 - 147

Bahadir Oktay Banu Cangöz Tavat Bora Baskak

https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1355563

Abstract

References

  • Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736359
  • Baran, Z., Cangöz, B. ve Salman, F. (2016). Duygusal bağlam eşik altı ve eşik üstü hazırlamayı etkiler mi? Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26, (1) 23-30. https:// doi.org/10.5080/u7784
  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. ve Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression.. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. ve Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring. Archives of general psychiatry, 4, 561-571. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Billings, L. S., Harrison, D. W. ve Alden, J. D. (1993). Age differences among women in the functional asymmetry for bias in facial affect perception. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334940
  • Botella, G. J., Joula, J. F. ve Moro, M. I. B. (2002). Temporal interactions between target and distractor proccesing: Positive and negative priming effects. Psicológica: Revista de Metodología y Psicología Experimental, 23(2), 371-400.
  • Calvo, M. G., Fernández-Martín, A. ve Nummenmaa, L. (2012). Perceptual, categorical, and affective processing of ambiguous smiling facial expressions. Cognition, 125(3), 373-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.021
  • Chaillou, A. C., Giersch, A., Bonnefond, A., Custers, R. ve Capa, R. L. (2015). Influence of positive subliminal and supraliminal affective cues on goal pursuit in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 161(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.052
  • Collins, A. M. ve Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407-428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
  • De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A. ve Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 347-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0014211
  • Donges, U. S., Kersting, A. ve Suslow, T. (2012). Women’s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: gender differences in affective priming. PLoS One, 7(7), e41745. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041745
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Fecteau, J. H. (2007). Priming of pop-out depends upon the current goals of observers. Journal of Vision, 7(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1167/7.6.1
  • Frings, C., Schneider, K. K. ve Fox, E. (2015). The negative priming paradigm: An update and implications for selective attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(6), 1577-1597. https://doi.org/10.3758/ s13423-015-0841-4
  • Frings, C. ve Wentura, D. (2008). Separating context and trial-by-trial effects in the negative priming paradigm. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 20(2), 195-210. https://doi. org/10.1080/17470910701363090
  • Hanaya, M. (1992). Perception of facial expressions: Effect of facial angle on emotion category effect. Tohoku Psychologica Folia 52(1), 33-36.
  • Hansen, C. H. ve Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: an anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 917-924. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.54.6.917
  • Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Ölçeği’nin bir Türk örnekleminde geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 3-13.
  • Kaynak, H. ve Cangöz, B. (2010). Anlık ve gecikmeli örtük bellek performansı yaşlanmadan etkilenir mi? Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 13(1), 26-35.
  • Kristjánsson., A. (2006). Simultaneous priming along multiple feature dimensions in a visual search task. Vision Research, 46(16), 2554-2570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.01.015
  • Lipp, O. V., Price, S. M., ve Tellegen, C. L. (2009). No effect of inversion on attentional and affective processing of facial expressions. Emotion, 9(2), 248- 259. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014715
  • Mahoney, M. B., Saunders, B. A. ve Cain, N. M. (2014). Priming mortality salience: Supraliminal, subliminal and “double-death” priming techniques. Death Studies, 38(10), 678-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/0 7481187.2013.839586
  • Maratos, F. A., Mogg, K. ve Bradley, B. P. (2008). Identification of angry faces in the attentional blink. Cognition and Emotion, 22(7), 1340-1352. https:// doi.org/10.1080/02699930701774218
  • Mayas, J., Fuentes, L. J. ve Ballesteros, S. (2012). Stroop interference and negative priming (NP) suppression in normal aging. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(2), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.12.012
  • McBride, J., Leonards, U. ve Gilchrist, I. D. (2009). Flexible target representations underlie repetition priming in visual search. Visual Cognition, 17(5), 655-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802257147
  • Milliken, B., Joordens, S., Merikle, P. M. ve Seiffert, A. E. (1998). Selective attention: A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming. Psychological Review, 105(2), 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.203
  • Naccache, L., Blandin, E. ve Dehaene, S. (2002). Unconscious masked priming depends on temporal attention. Psychological Science, 13(5), 416-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00474
  • Park, J. ve Kanwisher, N. (1994). Negative priming for spatial locations: Identity mismatching, not distractor inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(3), 613-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096- 1523.20.3.613
  • Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 255–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084295
  • Pell, M. D., Jaywant, A., Monetta, L. ve Kotz, S. A. (2011). Emotional speech processing: Disentangling the effects of prosody and semantic cues. Cognition & Emotion, 25(5), 834-853. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/02699931.2010.516915
  • Rieth, C. A. ve Huber, D. E. (2010). Priming and habituation for faces: Individual differences and inversion effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(3), 596- 618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018737
  • Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45(9), 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.9.1043
  • Roediger, H.L., Weldon, M.S. ve Challis, B.H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In Roediger, H.L. ve Craik, F.I.M. (Eds). Varieties of Memory and 195 Consciosness: Essays in Honour of Endel Tulving. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  • Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13(3), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501
  • Scharlau, I. ve Ansorge, U. (2003). Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming. Vision Research, 43(12), 1351-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042- 6989(03)00141-X
  • Suslow, T., Kugel, H., Ohrmann, P., Stuhrmann, A., Grotegerd, D., Redlich, R., ... ve Dannlowski, U. (2013). Neural correlates of affective priming effects based on masked facial emotion: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 211(3), 239-245.
  • Švegar, D., Kardum, I. ve Polič, M. (2013). Happy face superiority effect in change detection paradigm. Psihologijske Teme, 22(2), 249-269.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Tipper, S. P. (1985). The negative priming effect: Inhibitory priming by ignored objects. The Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 37(4), 571- 590. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748508400920
  • Tipper, S. P. (2001). Does negative priming reflect inhibitory mechanisms? A review and integration of conflicting views. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54(2), 321-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755969
  • Wildegger, T., Myers, N. E., Humphreys, G. ve Nobre, A. C. (2015). Supraliminal but not subliminal distracters bias working memory recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(3), 826-839. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/xhp0000052.
  • Yang, J., Xu, X., Du, X., Shi, C. ve Fang, F. (2011). Effects of unconscious processing on implicit memory for fearful faces. PloS One, 6(2), e14641. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014641
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Memory and Attention
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Bahadir Oktay 0000-0003-2010-4870

Banu Cangöz Tavat 0000-0003-2213-3261

Bora Baskak 0000-0002-0723-4446

Early Pub Date February 19, 2024
Publication Date
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 38 Issue: 92

Cite

APA Oktay, B., Cangöz Tavat, B., & Baskak, B. (2024). Olumlu ve Olumsuz Hazırlama Süreci: Kategorik mi? Sürekli mi?. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 38(92), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1355563