Research Article
Relationship between Working Memory, Retrospective Memory and Strategic Monitoring with Prospective Memory Performance
Abstract
Working memory is one of the significant factors that can influence prospective memory. Prospective memory inherently encompasses elements of retrospective memory, and strategic monitoring also affects performance. Therefore, the study investigates the relationship between strategic monitoring, retrospective memory, working memory, and prospective memory. The study involved 120 participants (60 females and 60 males). The Beck Depression Inventory, n-Back tasks, and Virtual Week tasks were administered to the participants. According to the findings, working memory performance predicts prospective memory (β= .30; p<.05). As strategic monitoring and the load of retrospective memory increase, prospective memory performance decreases (p<.05, ηp2 =.45). A positive and significant correlation was found between working memory and time-based tasks (p<.01). However, no relationship was observed between event-based tasks and working memory (p>.05). Time-based tasks rely more on strategic monitoring and are relatively more challenging, suggesting that working memory might play a critical role here. Working memory is related to prospective memory independently of the retrospective memory load (p<.05). This study demonstrates that prospective memory operates with working memory, retrospective memory, and strategic monitoring. The findings are consistent with a multiple processes view and the preparatory attention and memory processes theory.
Keywords
References
- Altun M, Çevik B (2012) Çoklu ortam tabanlı bir görev ile çalışma belleğinin ölçülmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Özel Sayı 1:32-40.
- Baddeley AD (2007) Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
- Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4:561-571.
- Bozdemir M, Cinan S (2021) Age-related differences in intentional forgetting of prospective memory. Int J Aging Hum Dev, 92:350-363.
- Einstein GO, McDaniel MA (2005) Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval processes. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14:286-290.
- Ericsson KA, Kintsch W (1995) Long-term working memory. Psychol Rev, 102:211-245.
- Foster ER, Rose NS, McDaniel MA, Rendell PG (2013) Prospective memory in Parkinson disease during a Virtual Week: Effects of both prospective and retrospective demands. Neuropsychology, 27:170-181.
- Fronda G, Monti C, Sozzi M, Corbo, M, Balconi M (2020) Prospective memory and working memory in comparison. New experimental paradigms. Int J Neurosci, 130:834-840.
- Haines, SJ, Randall SE, Terrett G, Busija, L, Tatangelo G, McLennan SN et al. (2020) Differences in time based task characteristics help to explain the age-prospective memory paradox. Cognition, 202:104305.
- Henry JD, Rendell PG, Altgassen M, Rogers P, Kliegel M (2012) Prospective memory function in schizophrenia and schizotypy. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 17:133–150.
- Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 6:3-13.
- Hoskinson RE, Toomim M (2008) Brain Workshop: Brain Workshop - a Dual N-Back game (Version 4.8.1) [Computer Software]. http://brainworkshop.sourceforge.net/download.html (Accessed 10.08.2023)
- Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Perrig WJ, Meier B (2010) The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure. Memory, 18:394-412.
- Kane MJ, Engle RW (2002) The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychon Bull Rev, 9:637-671.
- Khan, A, Sharma NK, Dixit S (2008) Cognitive load and task condition in event- and time based prospective memory: An experimental investigation. J Psychol, 142:517–531.
- Logie RH, Maylor EA, Della Sala S, Smith G (2004) Working memory in event and time based prospective memory tasks: Effects of secondary demand and age. Eur J Cogn Psychol, 16:441-456.
- Martin M, Kliegel M, McDaniel MA (2003) The involvement of executive functions in prospective memory performance of adults. Int J Psychol, 38:195–206.
- McDaniel MA, Einstein GO (2007) Prospective Memory: An Overview and Synthesis of an Emerging Field. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.
- Miller KM, Price CC, Okun MS, Montijo H, Bowers D (2009) Is the n-back task a valid neuropsychological measure for assessing working memory? Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 24:711-717.
- Mioni G, Rendell PG, Stablum F, Gamberini L, Bisiacchi PS (2015) Test retest consistency of Virtual Week: A task to investigate prospective memory. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 25:419-447.
- Niedźwieńska A, Rendell PG, Barzykowski K, Leszczyńska A (2016) Virtual week: Validity and psychometric properties of a Polish adaptation. Eur Rev Appl Psychol, 66:79-84.
- Özbozdağlı S, Misirlisoy M, Özkan T, Atalay NB (2018). Effects of primary task predictability and secondary task modality on lane maintenance. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, 57:97-107.
- Pakyürek G, Cangöz-Tavat B (2023) Age-related differences in prospective memory: Turkish Virtual Week (Vw-Tr). Turk Geriatri Derg, 26:249-257.
- Rendell PG, Craik FI (2000) Virtual week and actual week: Age-related differences in prospective memory. Appl Cogn Psychol, 14:43-62.
- Rendell PG, Henry JD (2009) A review of virtual week for prospective memory assessment: Clinical implications. Brain Impair, 10:14-22.
- Rose NS, Rendell PG, McDaniel MA, Aberle I, Kliegel M (2010) Age and individual differences in prospective memory during a “Virtual Week”: The roles of working memory, vigilance, task regularity and cue focality. Psychol Aging, 25:595-605.
- Schnitzspahn, KM, Kvavilashvili, L, Altgassen M (2020) Redefining the pattern of age prospective memory-paradox: New insights on age effects in lab-based, naturalistic, and self-assigned tasks. Psychol Res, 84:1370-1386.
- Scullin, MK, Jones, WE, Phenis, R, Beevers, S, Rosen, S, Dinh, K et al. (2022) Using smartphone technology to improve prospective memory functioning: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc, 70:459-469.
- Smith RE (2003) The cost of remembering to remember in event-based prospective memory: Investigating the capacity demands of delayed intention performance. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 29:347-361.
- Smith RE, Bayen UJ (2005) The effects of working memory resource availability on prospective memory: A formal modeling approach. Exp Psychol, 52:243–256.
- Tenenboim‐Weinblatt K (2013) Bridging collective memories and public agendas: Toward a theory of mediated prospective memory. Commun Theory, 23:91-111.
- West R, Bowry R, Krompinger J (2006) The effects of working memory demands on the neural correlates of prospective memory. Neuropsychologia, 44:197-207.
- Yörük A, Cangöz-Tavat B (2022) Aging effect in prospective memory monitoring: An eye tracking study. Turk Geriatri Derg, 25:640-649.
- Zhou, FC, Wang, YY, Zheng W, Zhang Q, Ungvari GS, Ng CH et al. (2017) Prospective memory deficits in patients with depression: A meta-analysis. J. Affect Disord, 220:79-85.
- Zuber S, Kliegel M, Ihle A (2016) An individual difference perspective on focal versus nonfocal prospective memory. Mem Cognit, 44:1192-1203.
Çalışma Belleği, Geriye Dönük Bellek ve Stratejik İzlemenin İleriye Dönük Bellek Performansı İle İlişkisi
Abstract
Çalışma belleği ileriye dönük bellek performansını etkileyebilecek önemli unsurlardan biridir. İleriye dönük bellek doğası gereği içerisinde geriye dönük bellek unsurları taşırken aynı zamanda stratejik izleme de performansı etkiler. Bu sebeplerle araştırmanın amacı stratejik izleme, geriye dönük bellek ve çalışma belleğinin ileriye dönük bellek performansı ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Araştırma 120 katılımcı (60 Kadın-60 Erkek) ile yürütülmüştür. Beck Depresyon Envanteri, n-Geri ve Sanal Hafta Görevleri katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre çalışma belleği performansı ileriye dönük bellek performansını yordamaktadır (β= ,30; p<,05). Stratejik izleme ve geriye dönük bellek yükü arttıkça ileriye dönük bellek performansında düşüş görülmektedir (p<,05, ηp2 =,45). Çalışma belleğinin zaman temelli görevlerle ilişkisi pozitif yönde ve anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ancak olay temelli görevler ile çalışma belleği arasında ilişki bulunmamıştır. Zaman temelli görevler stratejik izlemeye daha çok ihtiyaç duyan görece daha zor görevler olduğundan çalışma belleğinin burada kritik rol oynayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışma belleği, geriye dönük bellek yükünden bağımsız olarak ileriye dönük bellekle ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada ileriye dönük belleğin çalışma belleği, geriye dönük bellek ve stratejik izlemeyle beraber işlediği gösterilmiştir. Bulgular çoklu süreçler görüşü ve hazırlayıcı dikkat ve bellek süreçleri kuramıyla tutarlı bulunmuştur.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Çalışma için etik kurul izni alınmıştır.
Thanks
Tezin ilk danışmanı Levent Şenyüz'e katkıları için teşekkür ederiz.
References
- Altun M, Çevik B (2012) Çoklu ortam tabanlı bir görev ile çalışma belleğinin ölçülmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Özel Sayı 1:32-40.
- Baddeley AD (2007) Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
- Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4:561-571.
- Bozdemir M, Cinan S (2021) Age-related differences in intentional forgetting of prospective memory. Int J Aging Hum Dev, 92:350-363.
- Einstein GO, McDaniel MA (2005) Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval processes. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14:286-290.
- Ericsson KA, Kintsch W (1995) Long-term working memory. Psychol Rev, 102:211-245.
- Foster ER, Rose NS, McDaniel MA, Rendell PG (2013) Prospective memory in Parkinson disease during a Virtual Week: Effects of both prospective and retrospective demands. Neuropsychology, 27:170-181.
- Fronda G, Monti C, Sozzi M, Corbo, M, Balconi M (2020) Prospective memory and working memory in comparison. New experimental paradigms. Int J Neurosci, 130:834-840.
- Haines, SJ, Randall SE, Terrett G, Busija, L, Tatangelo G, McLennan SN et al. (2020) Differences in time based task characteristics help to explain the age-prospective memory paradox. Cognition, 202:104305.
- Henry JD, Rendell PG, Altgassen M, Rogers P, Kliegel M (2012) Prospective memory function in schizophrenia and schizotypy. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 17:133–150.
- Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 6:3-13.
- Hoskinson RE, Toomim M (2008) Brain Workshop: Brain Workshop - a Dual N-Back game (Version 4.8.1) [Computer Software]. http://brainworkshop.sourceforge.net/download.html (Accessed 10.08.2023)
- Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Perrig WJ, Meier B (2010) The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure. Memory, 18:394-412.
- Kane MJ, Engle RW (2002) The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychon Bull Rev, 9:637-671.
- Khan, A, Sharma NK, Dixit S (2008) Cognitive load and task condition in event- and time based prospective memory: An experimental investigation. J Psychol, 142:517–531.
- Logie RH, Maylor EA, Della Sala S, Smith G (2004) Working memory in event and time based prospective memory tasks: Effects of secondary demand and age. Eur J Cogn Psychol, 16:441-456.
- Martin M, Kliegel M, McDaniel MA (2003) The involvement of executive functions in prospective memory performance of adults. Int J Psychol, 38:195–206.
- McDaniel MA, Einstein GO (2007) Prospective Memory: An Overview and Synthesis of an Emerging Field. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.
- Miller KM, Price CC, Okun MS, Montijo H, Bowers D (2009) Is the n-back task a valid neuropsychological measure for assessing working memory? Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 24:711-717.
- Mioni G, Rendell PG, Stablum F, Gamberini L, Bisiacchi PS (2015) Test retest consistency of Virtual Week: A task to investigate prospective memory. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 25:419-447.
- Niedźwieńska A, Rendell PG, Barzykowski K, Leszczyńska A (2016) Virtual week: Validity and psychometric properties of a Polish adaptation. Eur Rev Appl Psychol, 66:79-84.
- Özbozdağlı S, Misirlisoy M, Özkan T, Atalay NB (2018). Effects of primary task predictability and secondary task modality on lane maintenance. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, 57:97-107.
- Pakyürek G, Cangöz-Tavat B (2023) Age-related differences in prospective memory: Turkish Virtual Week (Vw-Tr). Turk Geriatri Derg, 26:249-257.
- Rendell PG, Craik FI (2000) Virtual week and actual week: Age-related differences in prospective memory. Appl Cogn Psychol, 14:43-62.
- Rendell PG, Henry JD (2009) A review of virtual week for prospective memory assessment: Clinical implications. Brain Impair, 10:14-22.
- Rose NS, Rendell PG, McDaniel MA, Aberle I, Kliegel M (2010) Age and individual differences in prospective memory during a “Virtual Week”: The roles of working memory, vigilance, task regularity and cue focality. Psychol Aging, 25:595-605.
- Schnitzspahn, KM, Kvavilashvili, L, Altgassen M (2020) Redefining the pattern of age prospective memory-paradox: New insights on age effects in lab-based, naturalistic, and self-assigned tasks. Psychol Res, 84:1370-1386.
- Scullin, MK, Jones, WE, Phenis, R, Beevers, S, Rosen, S, Dinh, K et al. (2022) Using smartphone technology to improve prospective memory functioning: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc, 70:459-469.
- Smith RE (2003) The cost of remembering to remember in event-based prospective memory: Investigating the capacity demands of delayed intention performance. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 29:347-361.
- Smith RE, Bayen UJ (2005) The effects of working memory resource availability on prospective memory: A formal modeling approach. Exp Psychol, 52:243–256.
- Tenenboim‐Weinblatt K (2013) Bridging collective memories and public agendas: Toward a theory of mediated prospective memory. Commun Theory, 23:91-111.
- West R, Bowry R, Krompinger J (2006) The effects of working memory demands on the neural correlates of prospective memory. Neuropsychologia, 44:197-207.
- Yörük A, Cangöz-Tavat B (2022) Aging effect in prospective memory monitoring: An eye tracking study. Turk Geriatri Derg, 25:640-649.
- Zhou, FC, Wang, YY, Zheng W, Zhang Q, Ungvari GS, Ng CH et al. (2017) Prospective memory deficits in patients with depression: A meta-analysis. J. Affect Disord, 220:79-85.
- Zuber S, Kliegel M, Ihle A (2016) An individual difference perspective on focal versus nonfocal prospective memory. Mem Cognit, 44:1192-1203.
There are 35 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Memory and Attention |
| Journal Section | Research |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | December 17, 2023 |
| Publication Date | December 29, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | December 16, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1 |
|
 Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. |
